Background <p>Arthritis is a common and debilitating condition, particularly in older adults. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a known indicator of cardiovascular health and has been associated with various chronic conditions. This study explores the association between estimated cardiorespiratory fitness (eCRF) and arthritis in older adults.</p> Methods <p>Data were obtained from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), Health and Retirement Study (HRS), National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), and China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between eCRF levels and arthritis across different cohorts, adjusting for various confounders. Sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the robustness of our results.</p> Results <p>Higher eCRF was consistently associated with lower odds of arthritis in Western populations. In Eastern populations, although a negative correlation was observed, the significance was relatively weaker. Each 1-SD increase in eCRF was associated with 40% lower odds of arthritis in ELSA (OR 0.60, 0.54–0.67), 31% lower odds in HRS (OR 0.69, 0.63–0.75), 32% lower odds in NHANES (OR 0.68, 0.63–0.73), and 11% lower odds in CHARLS (OR 0.89, 0.77–1.03). In the Western cohorts, compared to the low eCRF group, the moderate eCRF and high eCRF groups had significantly lower odds of arthritis (all <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). However, in the Eastern cohorts, only the moderate eCRF group showed a statistically significant association with lower odds of arthritis (OR 0.79, 0.65–0.97, <i>p</i> = 0.025).</p> Conclusions <p>In these cross-sectional analyses, eCRF was associated with the presence of self-reported, physician-diagnosed arthritis among older adults, with the association being weaker in the Eastern cohort than in the Western cohorts. Future prospective research should investigate the complex and potentially different mechanisms linking eCRF with arthritis in Eastern and Western populations.</p>