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<p>Atomized rainfall generated during flood discharge can greatly exceed extreme natural rainfall and threaten slope stability in dry-hot valleys. To clarify its hydrological effects, this study develops a coupled water-air two-phase model that links atomized rainfall, surface runoff, and unsaturated seepage in slopes with complex relief. The model treats the runoff-seepage interface as an internal boundary, thereby reducing uncertainty associated with prescribing external flow boundaries and maintaining mass balance among rainfall input, infiltration, and runoff. Simulation results show that, because of the limited permeability of slope soils, most atomized rainfall rapidly becomes surface runoff, with short generation time, large runoff volume, and fast dissipation. When runoff-seepage interaction is considered, infiltrating water penetrates deeper and the total infiltration increases. Unlike natural rainfall, atomized rainfall produces a distinct wetted boundary on the slope surface, resulting in non-airtight conditions and enhanced infiltration depth. Slope relief further controls runoff redistribution: local upward terrain forms a convergence zone, and once this zone is filled, runoff from the upper slope continues to migrate downslope. The proposed framework provides a practical tool for evaluating rainfall-induced slope hazards under flood-discharge conditions and supports risk assessment for high-altitude hydropower projects in dry-hot valley regions.</p>

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Seepage and runoff patterns of complex slopes under flood discharge atomization conditions in dry and hot valley areas at high-altitude

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月27日

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  • Tong Fuguo,
  • Long Wei,
  • Liu Gang

摘要

Atomized rainfall generated during flood discharge can greatly exceed extreme natural rainfall and threaten slope stability in dry-hot valleys. To clarify its hydrological effects, this study develops a coupled water-air two-phase model that links atomized rainfall, surface runoff, and unsaturated seepage in slopes with complex relief. The model treats the runoff-seepage interface as an internal boundary, thereby reducing uncertainty associated with prescribing external flow boundaries and maintaining mass balance among rainfall input, infiltration, and runoff. Simulation results show that, because of the limited permeability of slope soils, most atomized rainfall rapidly becomes surface runoff, with short generation time, large runoff volume, and fast dissipation. When runoff-seepage interaction is considered, infiltrating water penetrates deeper and the total infiltration increases. Unlike natural rainfall, atomized rainfall produces a distinct wetted boundary on the slope surface, resulting in non-airtight conditions and enhanced infiltration depth. Slope relief further controls runoff redistribution: local upward terrain forms a convergence zone, and once this zone is filled, runoff from the upper slope continues to migrate downslope. The proposed framework provides a practical tool for evaluating rainfall-induced slope hazards under flood-discharge conditions and supports risk assessment for high-altitude hydropower projects in dry-hot valley regions.