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<p>Layered rock masses are frequently encountered in tunnelling engineering. Such rocks feature distinct bedding planes, which exert a significant influence on their mechanical behavior. However, their anisotropic characteristics, especially the transversely isotropic creep behavior of layered rock, have not been adequately characterized. This study develops a comprehensive equivalent continuum creep model that integrates the transversely isotropic elastoplastic and viscoplastic behaviors of layered rocks. The model innovatively incorporates a GaussAmp function to describe the non-linear, inverse “U-shaped” variation of the steady-state creep rate with increasing bedding plane dip angle, capturing the complex rheological characteristics of layered rocks. Implemented into finite element software, the model’s accuracy and feasibility are validated through simulations of laboratory creep tests and the time-dependent convergence of tunnels in anisotropic rock masses. The model demonstrates superior predictive capabilities for long-term deformation behavior compared to existing models, as evidenced by its close match with field monitoring data. This advancement provides a robust tool for predicting the non-uniform, time-dependent deformation of layered rock masses in tunneling applications, enhancing construction and operational safety.</p>

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A transversely isotropic creep model for predicting deformation in tunnels excavated in layered rocks

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月25日

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  • Tian Hongming,
  • Zhang Tao,
  • Chen Weizhong,
  • Tan Xianjun,
  • Yu Jianxin,
  • Zhang Zheyuan,
  • Yang Chenming

摘要

Layered rock masses are frequently encountered in tunnelling engineering. Such rocks feature distinct bedding planes, which exert a significant influence on their mechanical behavior. However, their anisotropic characteristics, especially the transversely isotropic creep behavior of layered rock, have not been adequately characterized. This study develops a comprehensive equivalent continuum creep model that integrates the transversely isotropic elastoplastic and viscoplastic behaviors of layered rocks. The model innovatively incorporates a GaussAmp function to describe the non-linear, inverse “U-shaped” variation of the steady-state creep rate with increasing bedding plane dip angle, capturing the complex rheological characteristics of layered rocks. Implemented into finite element software, the model’s accuracy and feasibility are validated through simulations of laboratory creep tests and the time-dependent convergence of tunnels in anisotropic rock masses. The model demonstrates superior predictive capabilities for long-term deformation behavior compared to existing models, as evidenced by its close match with field monitoring data. This advancement provides a robust tool for predicting the non-uniform, time-dependent deformation of layered rock masses in tunneling applications, enhancing construction and operational safety.