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<p>Ice-soil landslide dams differ from conventional earth-rock dams because the melting of internal ice alters dam stability through a solid–liquid phase transition. However, the quantitative effects of this thermally induced degradation on breach evolution remain unclear. To address this issue, this study combines thaw-settlement experiments with numerical simulations to investigate the failure behavior of ice-soil landslide dams during ice melting. Laboratory experiments show that thaw settlement in ice-soil mixtures follows a consistent three-stage pattern: initiation, acceleration, and stabilization. After normalization, the volumetric strain data collapse onto a single master curve, suggesting that the settlement process is governed by a common underlying mechanism regardless of initial ice content. Microstructural analysis further indicates that increasing ice content causes ice particles to play a greater role in the load-bearing force-chain network. Consequently, ice melting induces extensive force-chain breakage and particle displacement, resulting in pronounced structural rearrangement and settlement. The experimentally derived post-thaw deformation and erosion parameters were then incorporated into the DABA model to simulate dam breaching after complete melting under different initial ice contents. The results show that ice melting markedly aggravates flood risk by lowering the initial crest elevation, triggering earlier overtopping, and reducing erosion resistance, thereby accelerating breach development. Dams with higher initial ice contents exhibit faster and more severe breaching, leading to higher peak discharge and earlier flood arrival. These findings improve the understanding of breach mechanisms in ice-soil landslide dams and provide a basis for failure prediction, flood hazard assessment, and risk mitigation in cold regions.</p>

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Melting-induced settlement and overtopping evolution of ice–soil landslide dams

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月1日

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  • Pengtao Zhang,
  • Chen Chen,
  • Jianghan Xue,
  • Xiyang Tang,
  • Huibao Huang,
  • Jichen Tian,
  • Jiankang Chen

摘要

Ice-soil landslide dams differ from conventional earth-rock dams because the melting of internal ice alters dam stability through a solid–liquid phase transition. However, the quantitative effects of this thermally induced degradation on breach evolution remain unclear. To address this issue, this study combines thaw-settlement experiments with numerical simulations to investigate the failure behavior of ice-soil landslide dams during ice melting. Laboratory experiments show that thaw settlement in ice-soil mixtures follows a consistent three-stage pattern: initiation, acceleration, and stabilization. After normalization, the volumetric strain data collapse onto a single master curve, suggesting that the settlement process is governed by a common underlying mechanism regardless of initial ice content. Microstructural analysis further indicates that increasing ice content causes ice particles to play a greater role in the load-bearing force-chain network. Consequently, ice melting induces extensive force-chain breakage and particle displacement, resulting in pronounced structural rearrangement and settlement. The experimentally derived post-thaw deformation and erosion parameters were then incorporated into the DABA model to simulate dam breaching after complete melting under different initial ice contents. The results show that ice melting markedly aggravates flood risk by lowering the initial crest elevation, triggering earlier overtopping, and reducing erosion resistance, thereby accelerating breach development. Dams with higher initial ice contents exhibit faster and more severe breaching, leading to higher peak discharge and earlier flood arrival. These findings improve the understanding of breach mechanisms in ice-soil landslide dams and provide a basis for failure prediction, flood hazard assessment, and risk mitigation in cold regions.