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<p>In cold regions, rock engineering structures are increasingly threatened by the coupled effects of acid-base chemical corrosion from acid rain and industrial pollutants, cyclic freeze-thaw weathering, and dynamic disturbances from blasting and excavation. To investigate the effects of acid-base environments and freeze-thaw cycles (FTC) on the dynamic features, crack propagation, and damage mechanisms of rocks, the dynamic properties of granite under these conditions were studied using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test system. A particle model for SHPB impact testing was established in the Particle Flow Code in 3 Dimensions (PFC<sup>3D</sup>) numerical simulation software. Scanning Electron Microscopy (Flex SEM 1000, SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (Smart Lab XRD, XRD) devices were employed to observe the development and propagation of internal cracks in granite and analyze changes in its mineral composition. Results show that under acid-base environments and FTC, the physical properties of granite undergo alterations: as the number of FTC increases, both the mass and P-wave velocity of granite decrease. In different acid-base solutions, the relative mass and damage variables of granite increase, with acidic solutions causing the most significant damage. Under the same acid-base conditions, peak stress and elastic modulus exhibit a clear decreasing trend, while peak strain shows a marked increasing trend as FTC progress. Impact velocity significantly alters the mechanical properties of freeze-thaw-treated granite in acid-base environments. With increasing impact velocity, peak stress and strain in different acid-base solutions demonstrate a pronounced upward trend, though changes in elastic modulus vary slightly. In acidic environments, minerals such as feldspar and mica dissolve, while alkaline environments promote less mineral dissolution, and neutral environments even less. FTC exacerbate physical damage to the rock, further expanding cracks and weakening the overall structure. The results provide valuable reference data for the durability assessment and long-term stability design of rock engineering structures such as tunnel linings, slope reinforcement, and underground caverns in cold regions exposed to acidic precipitation and industrial chemical environments.</p>

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Effects of acid-base environments and freeze-thaw cycles on dynamic properties and microstructures of granite: Experiments and modelling

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月30日

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  • Pu Yuan,
  • Yunda Dong,
  • Xiaobo Zheng

摘要

In cold regions, rock engineering structures are increasingly threatened by the coupled effects of acid-base chemical corrosion from acid rain and industrial pollutants, cyclic freeze-thaw weathering, and dynamic disturbances from blasting and excavation. To investigate the effects of acid-base environments and freeze-thaw cycles (FTC) on the dynamic features, crack propagation, and damage mechanisms of rocks, the dynamic properties of granite under these conditions were studied using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test system. A particle model for SHPB impact testing was established in the Particle Flow Code in 3 Dimensions (PFC3D) numerical simulation software. Scanning Electron Microscopy (Flex SEM 1000, SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (Smart Lab XRD, XRD) devices were employed to observe the development and propagation of internal cracks in granite and analyze changes in its mineral composition. Results show that under acid-base environments and FTC, the physical properties of granite undergo alterations: as the number of FTC increases, both the mass and P-wave velocity of granite decrease. In different acid-base solutions, the relative mass and damage variables of granite increase, with acidic solutions causing the most significant damage. Under the same acid-base conditions, peak stress and elastic modulus exhibit a clear decreasing trend, while peak strain shows a marked increasing trend as FTC progress. Impact velocity significantly alters the mechanical properties of freeze-thaw-treated granite in acid-base environments. With increasing impact velocity, peak stress and strain in different acid-base solutions demonstrate a pronounced upward trend, though changes in elastic modulus vary slightly. In acidic environments, minerals such as feldspar and mica dissolve, while alkaline environments promote less mineral dissolution, and neutral environments even less. FTC exacerbate physical damage to the rock, further expanding cracks and weakening the overall structure. The results provide valuable reference data for the durability assessment and long-term stability design of rock engineering structures such as tunnel linings, slope reinforcement, and underground caverns in cold regions exposed to acidic precipitation and industrial chemical environments.