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<p>Seismic site effects assessment is essential for evaluating earthquake vulnerability in urban areas characterized by complex geological and hydrogeological conditions. This study investigates seismic site effects and ground deformation susceptibility in Larache, northern Morocco, using an integrated approach combining Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) measurements, Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW), borehole data, and probabilistic seismic hazard assessment. The results reveal significant spatial variability in fundamental frequency (F₀) and HVSR amplitude (A₀), indicating strong lateral heterogeneity of subsurface conditions. Low resonance frequencies and high amplification values are mainly concentrated within the Loukkos River floodplain, where thick unconsolidated alluvial deposits prevail. Seismic vulnerability was evaluated using the HVSR-derived seismic vulnerability index (Kg), which identifies the floodplain as the area most exposed to seismic amplification effects. To improve site-effect interpretation, ground shear strain (γ) was estimated by combining Kg values with site-specific surface peak ground acceleration (PGA) derived from probabilistic seismic hazard analysis and adjusted according to local Vs30 conditions using Eurocode 8 soil factors. The resulting γ distribution distinguishes zones susceptible to vibration, cracking or settlement, and potential liquefaction-related effects. Soil profiles were classified according to Eurocode 8 and Moroccan RPS 2011 standards. The findings highlight the Loukkos floodplain as the most critical sector in Larache and demonstrate that the proposed methodology provides a cost-effective framework for seismic site characterization and deformation-based liquefaction susceptibility screening in alluvial environments.</p>

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Seismic site effects and liquefaction susceptibility in Larache (Morocco) based on ambient vibrations and shear strain

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月17日

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  • Marouane Benmakhlouf,
  • Younes El Kharim,
  • Youssef Timoulali

摘要

Seismic site effects assessment is essential for evaluating earthquake vulnerability in urban areas characterized by complex geological and hydrogeological conditions. This study investigates seismic site effects and ground deformation susceptibility in Larache, northern Morocco, using an integrated approach combining Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) measurements, Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW), borehole data, and probabilistic seismic hazard assessment. The results reveal significant spatial variability in fundamental frequency (F₀) and HVSR amplitude (A₀), indicating strong lateral heterogeneity of subsurface conditions. Low resonance frequencies and high amplification values are mainly concentrated within the Loukkos River floodplain, where thick unconsolidated alluvial deposits prevail. Seismic vulnerability was evaluated using the HVSR-derived seismic vulnerability index (Kg), which identifies the floodplain as the area most exposed to seismic amplification effects. To improve site-effect interpretation, ground shear strain (γ) was estimated by combining Kg values with site-specific surface peak ground acceleration (PGA) derived from probabilistic seismic hazard analysis and adjusted according to local Vs30 conditions using Eurocode 8 soil factors. The resulting γ distribution distinguishes zones susceptible to vibration, cracking or settlement, and potential liquefaction-related effects. Soil profiles were classified according to Eurocode 8 and Moroccan RPS 2011 standards. The findings highlight the Loukkos floodplain as the most critical sector in Larache and demonstrate that the proposed methodology provides a cost-effective framework for seismic site characterization and deformation-based liquefaction susceptibility screening in alluvial environments.