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<p>This study examines the hydromechanical behavior, leachate flow, and stability of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills constructed on unsaturated collapsible loess, with emphasis on soil unsaturation, leachate infiltration, and groundwater depth. A detailed case study of the Azadshahr landfill in Golestan Province was analyzed to evaluate stress–deformation response and stability under static and seismic conditions. A coupled finite element framework was used: SIGMA/W for transient seepage and stress–strain analysis, CTRAN/W for leachate transport, and SLOPE/W for stability assessment. Landfill construction was modeled over 10 years, incorporating varying geometries, groundwater depths, and contamination levels. Unsaturated soil behavior was characterized through the soil water retention curve, hydraulic conductivity function, and an extended Mohr–Coulomb criterion with saturation-dependent effective stress. Laboratory tests established the mechanical properties of natural loess and synthetic MSW, including the degrading effects of leachate on shear strength and stiffness. Findings show that leachate infiltration markedly weakens the soil, reducing cohesion from 8 to 5.6&#xa0;kPa and friction angle from 29° to 21°. Minimum static and seismic factors of safety decline to 1.112 and 0.788, below recommended limits. Settlements reached 73.5&#xa0;cm at the base and lateral displacements up to 10&#xa0;cm at side slopes. Higher groundwater depth reduced settlement in uncontaminated conditions but increased instability when leachate was present. Overall, the results underscore the importance of effective leachate management, consideration of unsaturated soil behavior, and groundwater control to ensure landfill stability and limit long-term deformation.</p>

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Coupled flow–deformation and slope stability analysis of MSW landfills on unsaturated collapsible loess: A case study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月7日

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  • Amir Akbari Garakani,
  • Saman Soleymani Borujerdi,
  • Mostafa Ghaffari

摘要

This study examines the hydromechanical behavior, leachate flow, and stability of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills constructed on unsaturated collapsible loess, with emphasis on soil unsaturation, leachate infiltration, and groundwater depth. A detailed case study of the Azadshahr landfill in Golestan Province was analyzed to evaluate stress–deformation response and stability under static and seismic conditions. A coupled finite element framework was used: SIGMA/W for transient seepage and stress–strain analysis, CTRAN/W for leachate transport, and SLOPE/W for stability assessment. Landfill construction was modeled over 10 years, incorporating varying geometries, groundwater depths, and contamination levels. Unsaturated soil behavior was characterized through the soil water retention curve, hydraulic conductivity function, and an extended Mohr–Coulomb criterion with saturation-dependent effective stress. Laboratory tests established the mechanical properties of natural loess and synthetic MSW, including the degrading effects of leachate on shear strength and stiffness. Findings show that leachate infiltration markedly weakens the soil, reducing cohesion from 8 to 5.6 kPa and friction angle from 29° to 21°. Minimum static and seismic factors of safety decline to 1.112 and 0.788, below recommended limits. Settlements reached 73.5 cm at the base and lateral displacements up to 10 cm at side slopes. Higher groundwater depth reduced settlement in uncontaminated conditions but increased instability when leachate was present. Overall, the results underscore the importance of effective leachate management, consideration of unsaturated soil behavior, and groundwater control to ensure landfill stability and limit long-term deformation.