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<p>This study evaluates the detection capabilities of five laser scanners—three terrestrial (TLS) and two mobile (MLS)—for monitoring rockfalls and surface deformations. Conducted on a rocky embankment in France, it assesses the detection thresholds and validates them with controlled changes, including small displacements and rockfall volumes. This study processes the acquired point clouds without making any assumptions about where changes may have occurred. To do this, the methodology combines 3DMASC vegetation filtering, ICP registration, and the M3C2 algorithm to detect changes. Results show that TLS can detect deformations as small as 8&#xa0;mm at 22&#xa0;m, while MLS captures changes of 2–3&#xa0;cm at 7&#xa0;m. Despite an overestimation of rockfall volumes, the results align with operational standards. It is observed that TLS achieves higher precision compared to MLS but MLS provides more homogeneous values. Nevertheless, MLS point clouds are still useful for detecting and quantifying rockfall or precursory movements. Detection thresholds depend on scanner precision, acquisition geometry and parameters, surface morphology, and the quality of point cloud registration for diachronic comparison.</p>

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Rockfall monitoring with three terrestrial and two mobile laser scanners: a comparison of detection levels

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月9日

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  • Marie-Aurélie Chanut,
  • Amina Tahir,
  • Yohan Péru,
  • Laure Manceau,
  • Pierre Azemard,
  • Yannick Fargier

摘要

This study evaluates the detection capabilities of five laser scanners—three terrestrial (TLS) and two mobile (MLS)—for monitoring rockfalls and surface deformations. Conducted on a rocky embankment in France, it assesses the detection thresholds and validates them with controlled changes, including small displacements and rockfall volumes. This study processes the acquired point clouds without making any assumptions about where changes may have occurred. To do this, the methodology combines 3DMASC vegetation filtering, ICP registration, and the M3C2 algorithm to detect changes. Results show that TLS can detect deformations as small as 8 mm at 22 m, while MLS captures changes of 2–3 cm at 7 m. Despite an overestimation of rockfall volumes, the results align with operational standards. It is observed that TLS achieves higher precision compared to MLS but MLS provides more homogeneous values. Nevertheless, MLS point clouds are still useful for detecting and quantifying rockfall or precursory movements. Detection thresholds depend on scanner precision, acquisition geometry and parameters, surface morphology, and the quality of point cloud registration for diachronic comparison.