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<p>Tunnel openings represent vulnerable sections in mountainous railway transportation, where violent debris flows pose severe threats to their structural integrity. Therefore, investigating the dynamic response characteristics of tunnel openings under debris flow impacts is crucial for ensuring tunnel operational safety. Based on a newly constructed railway tunnel, this study systematically investigates the dynamic response characteristics of tunnel opening under debris flow impact through field surveys and laboratory model tests. The findings reveal: (1) The debris flow impact process exhibits a three-stage dynamic pattern: “impact-overflowing-accumulation”; (2) The scour depth in front of the tunnel opening exhibits a temporal pattern of “initial increase, subsequent decrease, then increase until stabilization,” with both velocity and depth peaking at a debris flow density of 1700&#xa0;kg/m³; (3) Impact pressure primarily affects the tunnel opening below 6.42&#xa0;m, with the prototype tunnel opening experiencing a peak impact pressure of 1.141&#xa0;MPa during test; (4) The hydrodynamic model developed based on experimental data and relevant literature reveals a power-law relationship between impact pressure and Froude number. This study quantifies the distribution characteristics of impact pressure on tunnel openings subjected to debris flows through test, providing a theoretical basis and experimental data support for the design of debris flow impact resistance in tunnel openings.</p>

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Model test study on dynamic response characteristics of tunnel opening under debris flow impact

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月16日

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  • Huayun Li,
  • Bochun Wang,
  • Mingkun Wang,
  • Bingguang Chen,
  • Jiajie Yang

摘要

Tunnel openings represent vulnerable sections in mountainous railway transportation, where violent debris flows pose severe threats to their structural integrity. Therefore, investigating the dynamic response characteristics of tunnel openings under debris flow impacts is crucial for ensuring tunnel operational safety. Based on a newly constructed railway tunnel, this study systematically investigates the dynamic response characteristics of tunnel opening under debris flow impact through field surveys and laboratory model tests. The findings reveal: (1) The debris flow impact process exhibits a three-stage dynamic pattern: “impact-overflowing-accumulation”; (2) The scour depth in front of the tunnel opening exhibits a temporal pattern of “initial increase, subsequent decrease, then increase until stabilization,” with both velocity and depth peaking at a debris flow density of 1700 kg/m³; (3) Impact pressure primarily affects the tunnel opening below 6.42 m, with the prototype tunnel opening experiencing a peak impact pressure of 1.141 MPa during test; (4) The hydrodynamic model developed based on experimental data and relevant literature reveals a power-law relationship between impact pressure and Froude number. This study quantifies the distribution characteristics of impact pressure on tunnel openings subjected to debris flows through test, providing a theoretical basis and experimental data support for the design of debris flow impact resistance in tunnel openings.