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<p>Mudflows are a prevalent hazard in loess regions, yet their initiation mechanisms and critical conditions remain incompletely understood. Through flume experiments, we investigated how rainfall intensity, slope angle, and dry density control the initiation of loess mudflows. The results show that the initiation modes of loess mudflows are mainly static liquefaction initiation, landslide transformation initiation, and erosion-expansion initiation, with landslide transformation initiation being the most common. The initiation time increases with dry density but decreases then increases with slope and rainfall intensity, revealing a slope angle of 35°and rainfall intensity of 90&#xa0;mm/h to be more prone to trigger large mudflow. Quantitative analysis of crack evolution reveals a direct correlation between crack density and failure mechanisms. The critical water content for this transition (23.99–36.02%) is about 10% higher than that for typical debris flows in southwestern China. A multifactor cumulative rainfall model outperforms the traditional I-D model, improving prediction accuracy by nearly 13%. The mechanistic insights and quantitative criteria derived from this study offer a valuable reference for understanding flow-type failures in other loess and silt-dominated deposits worldwide.</p>

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Experimental study on the failure pattern of loess mudflow and its critical conditions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月13日

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  • Daozheng Wang,
  • Xingang Wang,
  • Qiangbing Huang,
  • Jiading Wang,
  • Baoqin Lian,
  • Fei Wang

摘要

Mudflows are a prevalent hazard in loess regions, yet their initiation mechanisms and critical conditions remain incompletely understood. Through flume experiments, we investigated how rainfall intensity, slope angle, and dry density control the initiation of loess mudflows. The results show that the initiation modes of loess mudflows are mainly static liquefaction initiation, landslide transformation initiation, and erosion-expansion initiation, with landslide transformation initiation being the most common. The initiation time increases with dry density but decreases then increases with slope and rainfall intensity, revealing a slope angle of 35°and rainfall intensity of 90 mm/h to be more prone to trigger large mudflow. Quantitative analysis of crack evolution reveals a direct correlation between crack density and failure mechanisms. The critical water content for this transition (23.99–36.02%) is about 10% higher than that for typical debris flows in southwestern China. A multifactor cumulative rainfall model outperforms the traditional I-D model, improving prediction accuracy by nearly 13%. The mechanistic insights and quantitative criteria derived from this study offer a valuable reference for understanding flow-type failures in other loess and silt-dominated deposits worldwide.