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<p>Scientifically and rationally identifying types of hard rock disasters in deep engineering—often caused by stress-induced failure—is crucial and urgent. This study explains the stress-dominated and energy-driven failure mechanisms shared by three typical hard rock disasters: deep fracture, stress-induced collapse and rockburst. Based on the analysis of 118 true triaxial experimental data of different lithologies, the characteristic law between the true triaxial energy of hard rock and its true triaxial stress combination and elastic modulus <i>E</i> is established. Based on this, a new “Energy Ratio Index (ERI)” criterion is proposed to accurately identify the main typical disaster types (deep fracture, stress-induced collapse and rockburst) of hard rock in deep tunnels. Finally, the proposed ERI criterion is integrated into CASRock software to simulate the rock failure during the construction of Jinping II Hydropower Station, further verifying the accuracy and applicability of the established ERI criterion. This paper provides scientific guidance for predicting and warning against deep tunnel hard rock disasters.</p>

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Energy evolution characteristics and discrimination criterion of typical hard rock disasters in deep engineering

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月6日

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  • Yan Zhang,
  • Yu Luo,
  • Liangjie Gu,
  • Yangyi Zhou,
  • Yang Yu,
  • Haosen Guo,
  • Minglang Zou,
  • Xiangsheng Zheng

摘要

Scientifically and rationally identifying types of hard rock disasters in deep engineering—often caused by stress-induced failure—is crucial and urgent. This study explains the stress-dominated and energy-driven failure mechanisms shared by three typical hard rock disasters: deep fracture, stress-induced collapse and rockburst. Based on the analysis of 118 true triaxial experimental data of different lithologies, the characteristic law between the true triaxial energy of hard rock and its true triaxial stress combination and elastic modulus E is established. Based on this, a new “Energy Ratio Index (ERI)” criterion is proposed to accurately identify the main typical disaster types (deep fracture, stress-induced collapse and rockburst) of hard rock in deep tunnels. Finally, the proposed ERI criterion is integrated into CASRock software to simulate the rock failure during the construction of Jinping II Hydropower Station, further verifying the accuracy and applicability of the established ERI criterion. This paper provides scientific guidance for predicting and warning against deep tunnel hard rock disasters.