<p>With the increasing prominence of dam safety issues, internal seepage and erosion have become critical factors threatening the structural stability of dams. This study proposes a comprehensive analysis method that combines cross-hole electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and water pressure testing to investigate seepage paths and potential seepage zones in dam shoulders and their extensions. High-resolution resistivity data at various depths were obtained using cross-hole ERT, and low-resistivity zones were accurately identified through a least-squares inversion algorithm, revealing potential seepage paths. Concurrently, water pressure testing was conducted to quantitatively assess permeability characteristics. A high-precision two-dimensional seepage path model was developed based on the correlation between resistivity and permeability. The results demonstrate that this method effectively identifies the spatial distribution characteristics of low-resistivity and high-permeability regions, significantly enhancing the resolution and accuracy of seepage path detection. Furthermore, high-risk seepage channels and potential seepage zones were clearly delineated. This study provides a scientific basis for dam seepage control and risk assessment, emphasizing the importance of integrating geophysical techniques with geotechnical engineering methods.</p>