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<p>Tuffaceous siltstone has a loose structure and high hydrophilic mineral content, making it highly susceptible to deterioration under wet–dry (WD) cycling and threatening the long-term stability of rock engineering. To clarify the evolution of water-induced damage and its influence on long-term strength, fracture image recognition and uniaxial compression tests were first combined to quantitatively characterize WD-induced crack propagation and mechanical degradation. Uniaxial creep tests were then performed to examine the deformation characteristics and long-term strength variation under different WD conditions. The results show that with increasing WD cycles, the elastic modulus decreased by 44.95%, 62.96%, and 71.81% after 1, 9, and 18 cycles, while peak strength dropped by more than 60%. Fracture number, total length, and connectivity continuously increased, indicating progressive microcrack initiation and coalescence that correspond well with stiffness and strength deterioration. The creep tests further demonstrated that WD cycling significantly amplified the stress–strain–time effect, increasing steady-state creep rate and creep strain, and reducing long-term strength from 41.31&#xa0;MPa to 26.97&#xa0;MPa. Based on these observations and damage mechanics theory, water-induced damage and creep evolution were treated as independent damage sources, and a multiplicative coupling relationship was adopted to develop the hydro-mechanical coupled creep damage model. The proposed model effectively captures the damage evolution and creep stages of the rock under different cycling conditions, not only elucidating the mechanism of damage induced by WD cycling, but also providing a new theoretical tool for the long-term stability assessment of slopes, tunnels, and other rock engineering projects.</p>

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Damage evolution and hydro–mechanical coupled creep model of tuffaceous siltstone under wet–dry cycles

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月1日

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  • Junhua Zhu,
  • Xing Huang,
  • Chunlai Xie,
  • Changjie Xu,
  • Shuai Wang,
  • Yalong Jiang,
  • Yue Li

摘要

Tuffaceous siltstone has a loose structure and high hydrophilic mineral content, making it highly susceptible to deterioration under wet–dry (WD) cycling and threatening the long-term stability of rock engineering. To clarify the evolution of water-induced damage and its influence on long-term strength, fracture image recognition and uniaxial compression tests were first combined to quantitatively characterize WD-induced crack propagation and mechanical degradation. Uniaxial creep tests were then performed to examine the deformation characteristics and long-term strength variation under different WD conditions. The results show that with increasing WD cycles, the elastic modulus decreased by 44.95%, 62.96%, and 71.81% after 1, 9, and 18 cycles, while peak strength dropped by more than 60%. Fracture number, total length, and connectivity continuously increased, indicating progressive microcrack initiation and coalescence that correspond well with stiffness and strength deterioration. The creep tests further demonstrated that WD cycling significantly amplified the stress–strain–time effect, increasing steady-state creep rate and creep strain, and reducing long-term strength from 41.31 MPa to 26.97 MPa. Based on these observations and damage mechanics theory, water-induced damage and creep evolution were treated as independent damage sources, and a multiplicative coupling relationship was adopted to develop the hydro-mechanical coupled creep damage model. The proposed model effectively captures the damage evolution and creep stages of the rock under different cycling conditions, not only elucidating the mechanism of damage induced by WD cycling, but also providing a new theoretical tool for the long-term stability assessment of slopes, tunnels, and other rock engineering projects.