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<p>With the westward shift of coal resource development in China, downward extraction of close distance coal seams (CDCS) has become increasingly common, accompanied by intensified risks of overburden failure and water inrush. Aiming to replace simplistic empirical predictions with a robust, scientifically grounded model, this study investigates a typical CDCS working face in the Shaozhai Coal Mine using theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, physical similarity modeling, and field monitoring to characterize the progressive deformation of overlying strata and the evolution of the water-conducting fracture zone (WCFZ). Results show that upper-seam mining induces only minor delamination and slow subsidence, whereas downward mining causes severe roof collapse due to the combined effects of large mining height and upper-seam disturbance. The masonry-beam structure is significantly damaged, and fracture connectivity is markedly enhanced. The WCFZ develops through four stages—initial growth, rapid expansion, stabilization, and continuous evolution—and reaches a maximum height of 205.6 m, affecting the Zhiluo–Yan’an and Luohe–Yijun aquifers, which serve as primary water sources during mining. These findings provide a scientific basis for assessing water-inrush risks and guiding water-hazard control in CDCS downward mining in western coalfields.</p>

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Characteristics of overburden failure and evolution of the water-conducting fracture zone in downward mining of close distance coal seams: a case study of the Shaozhai Coal Mine

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月23日

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  • Bo Liu,
  • Shuning Dong,
  • Xiaoming Guo,
  • Xinqing Wu,
  • Gang Zheng,
  • Xingling Dong,
  • Lei Liu,
  • Xiyu Zhang

摘要

With the westward shift of coal resource development in China, downward extraction of close distance coal seams (CDCS) has become increasingly common, accompanied by intensified risks of overburden failure and water inrush. Aiming to replace simplistic empirical predictions with a robust, scientifically grounded model, this study investigates a typical CDCS working face in the Shaozhai Coal Mine using theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, physical similarity modeling, and field monitoring to characterize the progressive deformation of overlying strata and the evolution of the water-conducting fracture zone (WCFZ). Results show that upper-seam mining induces only minor delamination and slow subsidence, whereas downward mining causes severe roof collapse due to the combined effects of large mining height and upper-seam disturbance. The masonry-beam structure is significantly damaged, and fracture connectivity is markedly enhanced. The WCFZ develops through four stages—initial growth, rapid expansion, stabilization, and continuous evolution—and reaches a maximum height of 205.6 m, affecting the Zhiluo–Yan’an and Luohe–Yijun aquifers, which serve as primary water sources during mining. These findings provide a scientific basis for assessing water-inrush risks and guiding water-hazard control in CDCS downward mining in western coalfields.