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<p>The soil-rock interface’s shear mechanical properties and failure characteristics significantly influence excavations’ stability within bi-material geological conditions. Employing a multi-scale methodology, the morphological features of the interface were first investigated through field surveys. Indoor shear tests were then designed and conducted alongside mesoscale numerical simulations using the Particle Flow Code (PFC) to validate and gain mesoscopic insights into the failure mechanisms. This integrated approach aimed to explore the shear mechanical characteristics and failure patterns of the silty clay–slightly weathered sandstone interface under varying roughness degrees and burial depths. Our findings reveal that: (1) The shear stress-displacement curve of the interface undergoes three distinct phases: initial elastic deformation, elastoplastic deformation, and strain-hardening deformation. The slope of the stress growth curve during the strain-hardening stage remains nearly constant with increased normal pressure but escalates with increasing undulation. (2) The peak shear stress exhibits a linear enhancement with escalating normal pressure. It increases with undulation to a certain point before stabilizing, indicating a high sensitivity to undulation variations at lower degrees of undulation. (3) Three failure modes were identified based on the experimental observations: shear slip failure, localized defect failure, and overall shear failure. (4) The interface fracture predominantly features tensile fissures, with normal pressure increments chiefly amplifying shear-induced fractures, while elevated undulations augment both shear and tensile cracks simultaneously; a continuous shear fracture zone forms near the tips of the rock asperities at a shear displacement of approximately 2&#xa0;mm, with its width expanding with increased normal pressure.</p>

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An investigation into the shear mechanical properties and failure features at the interface of soil-rock strata

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月9日

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  • Zihan Zhou,
  • Linfeng Wang,
  • Xinrong Liu,
  • Xiaohan Zhou,
  • Peiyao Li

摘要

The soil-rock interface’s shear mechanical properties and failure characteristics significantly influence excavations’ stability within bi-material geological conditions. Employing a multi-scale methodology, the morphological features of the interface were first investigated through field surveys. Indoor shear tests were then designed and conducted alongside mesoscale numerical simulations using the Particle Flow Code (PFC) to validate and gain mesoscopic insights into the failure mechanisms. This integrated approach aimed to explore the shear mechanical characteristics and failure patterns of the silty clay–slightly weathered sandstone interface under varying roughness degrees and burial depths. Our findings reveal that: (1) The shear stress-displacement curve of the interface undergoes three distinct phases: initial elastic deformation, elastoplastic deformation, and strain-hardening deformation. The slope of the stress growth curve during the strain-hardening stage remains nearly constant with increased normal pressure but escalates with increasing undulation. (2) The peak shear stress exhibits a linear enhancement with escalating normal pressure. It increases with undulation to a certain point before stabilizing, indicating a high sensitivity to undulation variations at lower degrees of undulation. (3) Three failure modes were identified based on the experimental observations: shear slip failure, localized defect failure, and overall shear failure. (4) The interface fracture predominantly features tensile fissures, with normal pressure increments chiefly amplifying shear-induced fractures, while elevated undulations augment both shear and tensile cracks simultaneously; a continuous shear fracture zone forms near the tips of the rock asperities at a shear displacement of approximately 2 mm, with its width expanding with increased normal pressure.