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<p>In nature, rockfall disasters usually involve the movement of large amounts of rubble in a short period. Rockfalls simultaneously impacting a cushion layer is more realistic. In this study, a model of rockfalls simultaneously impacting a cushion layer is established, and the dynamic response is investigated via the discrete element method (DEM). The results show that the crater size and force chain network in the cushion layer differ between two rockfalls simultaneously impacting the cushion (termed <b>collision event Ⅱ</b>) and superposition of two rockfall–cushion collisions (termed <b>collision event Ⅰ</b>) based on the same initial conditions. Analysis shows that the penetration depth will be overestimated and the horizontal distance underestimated when the simultaneous impact on the cushion layer is ignored. That is, the impact crater will be longer and shallower considering the simultaneous impact on the cushion layer. As the simultaneous impact distance decreases, the difference between the two types of collision events becomes more significant. A critical impact distance is proposed, which can provide theoretical guidance for designing cushion layers.</p>

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DEM analyses of the two-rockfall cushion layer collision effect on the response of rockfall impact on a gravel buffer layer

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月4日

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  • Shao-Zhen Duan,
  • Shan Mi,
  • Biao Xu

摘要

In nature, rockfall disasters usually involve the movement of large amounts of rubble in a short period. Rockfalls simultaneously impacting a cushion layer is more realistic. In this study, a model of rockfalls simultaneously impacting a cushion layer is established, and the dynamic response is investigated via the discrete element method (DEM). The results show that the crater size and force chain network in the cushion layer differ between two rockfalls simultaneously impacting the cushion (termed collision event Ⅱ) and superposition of two rockfall–cushion collisions (termed collision event Ⅰ) based on the same initial conditions. Analysis shows that the penetration depth will be overestimated and the horizontal distance underestimated when the simultaneous impact on the cushion layer is ignored. That is, the impact crater will be longer and shallower considering the simultaneous impact on the cushion layer. As the simultaneous impact distance decreases, the difference between the two types of collision events becomes more significant. A critical impact distance is proposed, which can provide theoretical guidance for designing cushion layers.