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<p>This review examines Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR) applications in architecture, focusing on Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs) and Cave Automatic Virtual Environments (CAVEs). Analysing 69 studies published between 2005 and 2025, we identify research trends, measurement methodologies, and application scenarios across these technologies. The analysis delineates the distinct and complementary roles of HMDs and CAVEs: HMDs are shown to excel in providing portable, fully immersive experiences ideal for individual spatial perception studies, environmental impact analysis, and behavioural observation, whereas CAVEs are particularly suited to multi-user collaborative design reviews and scenarios requiring natural interaction within a shared virtual space. The paper subsequently develops a structured framework to guide the selection, implementation, and evaluation of IVR technology in architectural practice. This framework synthesises technical requirements, application procedures, and evaluation methods, addressing a critical gap in the literature by providing actionable guidance for architects and researchers. The review concludes that IVR represents a transformative tool for architecture, one that enhances spatial comprehension, enables iterative prototyping, and facilitates stakeholder engagement. Future advancement is contingent upon establishing standardised evaluation metrics, expanding applications to urban-scale challenges, and fostering deeper integration with complementary technologies such as Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning.</p>

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Immersive virtual reality technology in architecture: a comprehensive review and framework for HMD and CAVE applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月23日

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  • Haoyu Fan,
  • Yaxi Wang,
  • Hao Fang,
  • Yuhui Gui,
  • Yiqin Song

摘要

This review examines Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR) applications in architecture, focusing on Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs) and Cave Automatic Virtual Environments (CAVEs). Analysing 69 studies published between 2005 and 2025, we identify research trends, measurement methodologies, and application scenarios across these technologies. The analysis delineates the distinct and complementary roles of HMDs and CAVEs: HMDs are shown to excel in providing portable, fully immersive experiences ideal for individual spatial perception studies, environmental impact analysis, and behavioural observation, whereas CAVEs are particularly suited to multi-user collaborative design reviews and scenarios requiring natural interaction within a shared virtual space. The paper subsequently develops a structured framework to guide the selection, implementation, and evaluation of IVR technology in architectural practice. This framework synthesises technical requirements, application procedures, and evaluation methods, addressing a critical gap in the literature by providing actionable guidance for architects and researchers. The review concludes that IVR represents a transformative tool for architecture, one that enhances spatial comprehension, enables iterative prototyping, and facilitates stakeholder engagement. Future advancement is contingent upon establishing standardised evaluation metrics, expanding applications to urban-scale challenges, and fostering deeper integration with complementary technologies such as Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning.