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<p>This study presents the rate-equation model to analyse and investigate the impact of Nitrogen (N) incorporation on the performance of GaN<sub>x</sub>As<sub>1−x</sub>/GaAs vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) using a MATLAB-based computational model. The influence of alloy composition x on steady and dynamic characteristics is comprehensively analyzed at room temperature (RT). Small-signal frequency anlysis demonstrates that the modulation bandwidth and the relaxation response decrease with increasing alloy composition x. Consequently, low alloy composition x preserve strong resonance behavior and a wider − 3 dB modulation bandwidth, while increasing alloy composition x reduces the small-signal modulation bandwidth and damping of the relaxation oscillation response. The maximum − 3 dB modulation bandwidth of approximately 47&#xa0;GHz is achieved at an injection current of 6&#xa0;mA for the lowest alloy composition (x = 0.4%). These results highlight the strong dependence of VCSEL on alloy composition x and dememonstate that low N incorporation can optimize device efficiency, while excessive alloy composition x significantly degrades modulation speed and overall performance. The originality of this work resides in establishing a direct alloy composition dependence of the rate equation parameters, enabling to identification of an optimal composition range for both extended wavelength and enhanced device performance. The proposed modelling framwork provides valuable insight for guiding future VCSEL design and optimization.</p>

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Rate equation analysis of the modulation bandwidth of GaNxAs1−x/GaAs VCSELs with varying nitrogen composition

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月31日

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  • Amanj Lateef Shafiq,
  • Faten Adel Ismael Chaqmaqchee,
  • Mohammad Ghaffar Faraj

摘要

This study presents the rate-equation model to analyse and investigate the impact of Nitrogen (N) incorporation on the performance of GaNxAs1−x/GaAs vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) using a MATLAB-based computational model. The influence of alloy composition x on steady and dynamic characteristics is comprehensively analyzed at room temperature (RT). Small-signal frequency anlysis demonstrates that the modulation bandwidth and the relaxation response decrease with increasing alloy composition x. Consequently, low alloy composition x preserve strong resonance behavior and a wider − 3 dB modulation bandwidth, while increasing alloy composition x reduces the small-signal modulation bandwidth and damping of the relaxation oscillation response. The maximum − 3 dB modulation bandwidth of approximately 47 GHz is achieved at an injection current of 6 mA for the lowest alloy composition (x = 0.4%). These results highlight the strong dependence of VCSEL on alloy composition x and dememonstate that low N incorporation can optimize device efficiency, while excessive alloy composition x significantly degrades modulation speed and overall performance. The originality of this work resides in establishing a direct alloy composition dependence of the rate equation parameters, enabling to identification of an optimal composition range for both extended wavelength and enhanced device performance. The proposed modelling framwork provides valuable insight for guiding future VCSEL design and optimization.