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<p>Optical routers serve as the core functional units of Photonic Networks on Chip (PNoC). Traditional optical routers face bottlenecks such as large footprints and high insertion loss. This paper proposes a tunable 4 × 4 on-chip optical router architecture realized using only four graphene-silicon microring optical switch units. Each optical switch unit integrates a monolayer graphene/HfO<sub>2</sub>/Si capacitive structure within its microring region. By continuously tuning the graphene chemical potential through an applied bias voltage, the effective refractive index of the coupled waveguide and the resonance peak shift are modified, enabling Bar/Cross state switching and achieving port routing reconfiguration. Through topological parameter optimization, the proposed optical router occupies only approximately 2500 μm<sup>2</sup> with a minimum insertion loss of 0.77&#xa0;dB, minimum link crosstalk of − 21.18&#xa0;dB, and a maximum port signal-to-noise ratio of 23.55&#xa0;dB, a modulation speed of 25.15&#xa0;GHz, and a response time of 13.92&#xa0;ps. These results demonstrate that the proposed scheme combines low loss, fast response, and compact integration, and thus provides a compact, low-power routing-node candidate for highly integrated PNoC interconnect networks.</p>

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Tunable 4 × 4 optical router based on graphene-silicon waveguide microring switches

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月16日

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  • Cong Hu,
  • Mingyue Xie,
  • Tian Zhou,
  • Aijun Zhu,
  • Pengxing Guo,
  • Lijuan Zhang,
  • Xijun Huang

摘要

Optical routers serve as the core functional units of Photonic Networks on Chip (PNoC). Traditional optical routers face bottlenecks such as large footprints and high insertion loss. This paper proposes a tunable 4 × 4 on-chip optical router architecture realized using only four graphene-silicon microring optical switch units. Each optical switch unit integrates a monolayer graphene/HfO2/Si capacitive structure within its microring region. By continuously tuning the graphene chemical potential through an applied bias voltage, the effective refractive index of the coupled waveguide and the resonance peak shift are modified, enabling Bar/Cross state switching and achieving port routing reconfiguration. Through topological parameter optimization, the proposed optical router occupies only approximately 2500 μm2 with a minimum insertion loss of 0.77 dB, minimum link crosstalk of − 21.18 dB, and a maximum port signal-to-noise ratio of 23.55 dB, a modulation speed of 25.15 GHz, and a response time of 13.92 ps. These results demonstrate that the proposed scheme combines low loss, fast response, and compact integration, and thus provides a compact, low-power routing-node candidate for highly integrated PNoC interconnect networks.