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<p>The Tihama Coastal Plain (TCP) of Yemen has a complex geological framework shaped by Red Sea rifting, Quaternary sedimentation, and sea-level fluctuations, which greatly influence its fresh–saltwater interface. Tectonic activity has created grabens filled with fluvial, marine, and coastal deposits, forming dynamic aquifers that are sensitive to hydraulic gradients between groundwater and seawater. While reverse ion exchange mainly occurs because of seawater intrusion and groundwater upconing, this study uncovers localized forward ion exchange and freshening, indicating aquifer variability and multiple semi-independent flow systems. Wells near ephemeral wadis are particularly vulnerable because tidal–wadi interfaces allow seawater to penetrate further upgradient than typical seawater intrusion zones. Using both historical and recent geochemical data, this study traces groundwater changes over the past decade, showing increased salinization driven by groundwater overabstraction and limited recharge. These results emphasize the urgent need for targeted aquifer recharge and proactive management to combat salinization and protect the sustainable use of freshwater resources in the TCP.</p>

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Hydrogeochemical evolution and quality appraisal to identify groundwater salinization and freshening during the Quaternary Period in the Tihama Coastal Plain (TCP), Yemen

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月10日

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  • Ahmed Saif Al-Mikhlafi,
  • Ibrahim M. Alsaghiry,
  • Bassim S. Al Khirbash,
  • Alkhateeb AlKebsi

摘要

The Tihama Coastal Plain (TCP) of Yemen has a complex geological framework shaped by Red Sea rifting, Quaternary sedimentation, and sea-level fluctuations, which greatly influence its fresh–saltwater interface. Tectonic activity has created grabens filled with fluvial, marine, and coastal deposits, forming dynamic aquifers that are sensitive to hydraulic gradients between groundwater and seawater. While reverse ion exchange mainly occurs because of seawater intrusion and groundwater upconing, this study uncovers localized forward ion exchange and freshening, indicating aquifer variability and multiple semi-independent flow systems. Wells near ephemeral wadis are particularly vulnerable because tidal–wadi interfaces allow seawater to penetrate further upgradient than typical seawater intrusion zones. Using both historical and recent geochemical data, this study traces groundwater changes over the past decade, showing increased salinization driven by groundwater overabstraction and limited recharge. These results emphasize the urgent need for targeted aquifer recharge and proactive management to combat salinization and protect the sustainable use of freshwater resources in the TCP.