<p>The presence of gases such as carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) in shallow groundwater from sources, including geological sequestration, contaminant degradation, and energy development and storage, can reduce groundwater quality and cause greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, it is important to have high-resolution methods to measure dissolved gases in the subsurface. Traditional methods of active sampling (e.g., collecting groundwater samples for dissolved-gas analysis) are labor-intensive and have high potential for error. A low-cost, 3D-printed probe to measure dissolved CO<sub>2</sub> was developed and tested in the laboratory. The probe was constructed using an air-filled 3D-printed housing containing a pressure and NDIR sensor. The housing was coated in a silicone membrane that isolated ambient water from the air-filled chamber within the probe, similar to a total dissolved gas pressure (TDGP) probe. This allows the partial pressure of CO<sub>2</sub> and the dissolved gas concentration in the ambient water to be measured. The probe concept and design were tested for accuracy by using the probe to measure dissolved CO<sub>2</sub> in water of known concentration. After calibration, it was found that the average measurement error in the tested concentration range was ± 2.3%. Further, two probe designs with different characteristics were tested to optimize the equilibration time and showed agreement with theoretical models. The novel low-cost probe provides a valuable tool to monitor dissolved CO<sub>2</sub> in groundwater systems for a variety of applications and can increase the availability of data collected at sites where gases are of interest or concern.</p>

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A low-cost, 3D-printed dissolved CO2 probe for groundwater monitoring

  • Ava Bebbington,
  • Cole J.C. Van De Ven

摘要

The presence of gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) in shallow groundwater from sources, including geological sequestration, contaminant degradation, and energy development and storage, can reduce groundwater quality and cause greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, it is important to have high-resolution methods to measure dissolved gases in the subsurface. Traditional methods of active sampling (e.g., collecting groundwater samples for dissolved-gas analysis) are labor-intensive and have high potential for error. A low-cost, 3D-printed probe to measure dissolved CO2 was developed and tested in the laboratory. The probe was constructed using an air-filled 3D-printed housing containing a pressure and NDIR sensor. The housing was coated in a silicone membrane that isolated ambient water from the air-filled chamber within the probe, similar to a total dissolved gas pressure (TDGP) probe. This allows the partial pressure of CO2 and the dissolved gas concentration in the ambient water to be measured. The probe concept and design were tested for accuracy by using the probe to measure dissolved CO2 in water of known concentration. After calibration, it was found that the average measurement error in the tested concentration range was ± 2.3%. Further, two probe designs with different characteristics were tested to optimize the equilibration time and showed agreement with theoretical models. The novel low-cost probe provides a valuable tool to monitor dissolved CO2 in groundwater systems for a variety of applications and can increase the availability of data collected at sites where gases are of interest or concern.