Distribution and geologic controls of bubbly submarine groundwater discharge in the Calumpan Peninsula, Philippines
摘要
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is a significant pathway of materials to the ocean, with nutrient fluxes often equal to or surpassing those from rivers. Mapping SGD is crucial for assessing its impact and understanding the factors influencing its distribution. Although prevalent in shallow waters, SGD detection and mapping remain challenging. In Mabini, Batangas, a volcanic area, SGD is typically characterized by gas bubbles due to hydrothermal activity. This study uses acoustics to image the substrate, detect and classify bubbly and non-bubbly SGD signatures, and examine their spatial relationship with the seafloor and onshore geologic features. The acoustic signatures of SGD vary depending on the characteristics of discharging gases, bubble size and abundance, as well as water properties such as temperature and salinity. In Mabini, the distribution of SGD appears to be controlled by fractures, faults, bedding planes, rock types, hydraulic gradients, and the substrate. High discharge usually occurs in fracture zones, substrate boundaries, and lithologic contacts. SGD is prevalent on sandy seafloors, where bedded rocks are outcropping on the seafloor, and where limestones are present onshore. Generally, bubbly SGD can be detected, and its distribution can be mapped using single-beam echosounders. The occurrence of arch-shaped anomalies with an acoustically transparent central area above the seafloor in places where non-bubbly SGDs are suspected to occur indicates the potential utility of acoustic imaging in mapping water-rich SGDs.