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<p>Bromine-based redox flow batteries (Br-FBs) have emerged as a technology for large-scale energy storage, offering notable advantages such as high energy density, a broad electrochemical potential window, cost-effectiveness, and extended cycle life. This review explores the most extensively studied bromine-based flow battery systems, detailing their fundamental electrochemical principles, key chemical reactions, advantages, technical challenges, and recent advancements. Central to these systems is the Br₂/Br⁻ redox couple, which features a high electrode potential of 1.08 V and exceptional solubility in aqueous media. Despite their promising characteristics, Br-FBs face several technical hurdles, including safety concerns due to bromine’s volatility and corrosiveness, self-discharge caused by bromine crossover, and the complexity of polybromide equilibria in concentrated solutions. The role of bromine complexing agents (BCAs) is critically examined, with emphasis on the most effective strategies for mitigating these issues. Market prospects for Br-FBs are strong, driven by the increasing demand for renewable energy integration and their cost advantages over vanadium-based systems. Future research directions include the development of environmentally benign organic BCAs, advanced membrane materials with enhanced selectivity, intelligent control systems, and hybrid configurations that combine multiple storage technologies to improve grid stability. Commercial applications are primarily focused on stationary, grid-scale energy storage, with demonstration systems ranging from kWh to MWh. Bromine-based redox flow batteries represent a mature yet rapidly evolving technology with significant potential for widespread deployment in next-generation energy storage solutions.</p>

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Bromine-based electrochemical systems for energy storage

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月3日

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  • Kobby Saadi,
  • David Zitoun

摘要

Bromine-based redox flow batteries (Br-FBs) have emerged as a technology for large-scale energy storage, offering notable advantages such as high energy density, a broad electrochemical potential window, cost-effectiveness, and extended cycle life. This review explores the most extensively studied bromine-based flow battery systems, detailing their fundamental electrochemical principles, key chemical reactions, advantages, technical challenges, and recent advancements. Central to these systems is the Br₂/Br⁻ redox couple, which features a high electrode potential of 1.08 V and exceptional solubility in aqueous media. Despite their promising characteristics, Br-FBs face several technical hurdles, including safety concerns due to bromine’s volatility and corrosiveness, self-discharge caused by bromine crossover, and the complexity of polybromide equilibria in concentrated solutions. The role of bromine complexing agents (BCAs) is critically examined, with emphasis on the most effective strategies for mitigating these issues. Market prospects for Br-FBs are strong, driven by the increasing demand for renewable energy integration and their cost advantages over vanadium-based systems. Future research directions include the development of environmentally benign organic BCAs, advanced membrane materials with enhanced selectivity, intelligent control systems, and hybrid configurations that combine multiple storage technologies to improve grid stability. Commercial applications are primarily focused on stationary, grid-scale energy storage, with demonstration systems ranging from kWh to MWh. Bromine-based redox flow batteries represent a mature yet rapidly evolving technology with significant potential for widespread deployment in next-generation energy storage solutions.