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<p>Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are transformative materials for electrochemical sensing due to their high surface area, tunable porosity, and structural versatility. This review analyzes progress in MOF-based sensors, highlighting green mechanochemical synthesis as a scalable, solvent-free approach that outperforms traditional methods in efficiency and sustainability. We explore the detection of environmental contaminants (heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, biomarkers) and introduce multifunctional MOF hybrids that enable AI-assisted multi-analyte quantification in complex matrices. Critical strategies to overcome conductivity/stability limitations include hierarchical nanostructuring, 2D nanosheets, bimetallic frameworks, and novel MOF-COF heterostructures. Pioneering wearable/IoT-integrated platforms are presented for real-time monitoring. Despite these advances, challenges persist in scalability, real-world stability, and mechanistic understanding. We propose an industry roadmap featuring 3D-printed MOF electrodes and AI-driven design pipelines to bridge lab innovations with global sustainability challenges, positioning MOF electrochemical sensors as key tools for environmental and health monitoring.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Enhancing electrochemical detection with metal-organic frameworks: advances in functionalization, synthesis, and application

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月15日

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  • Ayesha Yousaf,
  • Zhihua Zhao,
  • Muhammad Waseem Boota

摘要

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are transformative materials for electrochemical sensing due to their high surface area, tunable porosity, and structural versatility. This review analyzes progress in MOF-based sensors, highlighting green mechanochemical synthesis as a scalable, solvent-free approach that outperforms traditional methods in efficiency and sustainability. We explore the detection of environmental contaminants (heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, biomarkers) and introduce multifunctional MOF hybrids that enable AI-assisted multi-analyte quantification in complex matrices. Critical strategies to overcome conductivity/stability limitations include hierarchical nanostructuring, 2D nanosheets, bimetallic frameworks, and novel MOF-COF heterostructures. Pioneering wearable/IoT-integrated platforms are presented for real-time monitoring. Despite these advances, challenges persist in scalability, real-world stability, and mechanistic understanding. We propose an industry roadmap featuring 3D-printed MOF electrodes and AI-driven design pipelines to bridge lab innovations with global sustainability challenges, positioning MOF electrochemical sensors as key tools for environmental and health monitoring.

Graphical abstract