<p>Natural biomass-derived carbon materials have emerged as a promising candidate for electrode materials in electrochemical energy storage devices due to their unique advantages, including renewable feedstock, tunable porous structures, and high specific surface area. The application and development of biomass-derived carbons as electrode materials not only enable efficient utilization of waste resources but also effectively reduce the overall costs of energy storage systems, demonstrating significant economic and environmental benefits. In the future, biomass-derived carbon is expected to emerge as one of the promising high-performance, low-cost candidate electrode materials. This review systematically summarizes the classification and sources of biomass precursors, along with their preparation methods and comparative advantages/disadvantages. Then, it shows the recent research progresses on biomass-derived carbon materials and their composites for supercapacitor, Li-ion batteries, Li-S batteries, and metal-air batteries. Furthermore, based on the existing key scientific challenges and technical bottlenecks, this review discusses the critical issues facing biomass-derived carbon materials in energy storage applications and proposes future research directions from the perspectives of material design, process optimization, and mechanistic studies.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>