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<p>The process of additive manufacturing of copper objects by means of localized electrodeposition in a sulphate electrolyte has been studied. Three slicing patterns were used (concentric, zigzag, and triangular), as well as three infill steps: 1, 2, and 4&#xa0;mm. The morphology and structure of the deposits were examined using SEM and XRD methods. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that trajectories where the electrode moves over small distances between adjacent deposition points (concentric or zigzag) result in the formation of a less homogeneous layer with characteristic porosity, globule formation, or grain agglomeration. In contrast, the use of a triangular trajectory leads to a more uniform, dense layer with evenly distributed grain structure. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the largest crystallites are formed with zigzag infill, smaller ones are formed with concentric and triangular trajectories. Increasing the infill step reduces the crystallite size. The type of slicing also affects internal stresses in the deposit. The least stressed deposits are obtained with concentric infill, slightly higher stresses with triangular infill, but in both cases, increasing the infill step reduces internal stresses. In contrast, zigzag infill results in the highest stresses, which increase further with a larger infill step.</p>

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Electrochemical 3D printing: influence of slicing on the morphology and structure of deposited copper

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月18日

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  • Roman Babchuk,
  • Dmytro Uschapovskyi,
  • Viktoria Vorobyova,
  • Andrii Burmak,
  • Georgii Vasyliev

摘要

The process of additive manufacturing of copper objects by means of localized electrodeposition in a sulphate electrolyte has been studied. Three slicing patterns were used (concentric, zigzag, and triangular), as well as three infill steps: 1, 2, and 4 mm. The morphology and structure of the deposits were examined using SEM and XRD methods. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that trajectories where the electrode moves over small distances between adjacent deposition points (concentric or zigzag) result in the formation of a less homogeneous layer with characteristic porosity, globule formation, or grain agglomeration. In contrast, the use of a triangular trajectory leads to a more uniform, dense layer with evenly distributed grain structure. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the largest crystallites are formed with zigzag infill, smaller ones are formed with concentric and triangular trajectories. Increasing the infill step reduces the crystallite size. The type of slicing also affects internal stresses in the deposit. The least stressed deposits are obtained with concentric infill, slightly higher stresses with triangular infill, but in both cases, increasing the infill step reduces internal stresses. In contrast, zigzag infill results in the highest stresses, which increase further with a larger infill step.