<p>Designing novel conducting polymers as energy storage materials is a viable route to construct energy storage devices with high performance. Here, 1,10-phenanthroline and its derivatives (5-amino-1,10-phenanthroline and 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione) are electropolymerized in aqueous electrolytes under anodic potentials. All polymers exhibit layered morphology, but with different contents of O and N in the structure. Three aqueous electrolytes, 1&#xa0;M H₂SO₄, 1&#xa0;M ZnSO₄, and 1&#xa0;M Na₂SO₄, are chosen to investigate the charge storage performance of these polymers. The poly(1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione) (PPD/CP) exhibits the best performance in all three electrolytes, with 146.3 mAh g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹ in 1&#xa0;M H₂SO₄. The high specific capacity arises from the plentiful redox-active sites available. The cycling stability of these polymers is systematically evaluated. All polymers exhibit battery-type behavior in aqueous electrolytes. The charge storage mechanism of PPD/CP is investigated, revealing that the process involves redox reactions of amino/imino and hydroxyl/carbonyl functional groups, accompanied by the reversible insertion and extraction of cations. A two-electrode device using PPD/CP, a zinc foil, and 1&#xa0;M ZnSO₄ is assembled and exhibits a specific capacity of 154.2 mAh g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹. The device achieves an energy density of 71.25 Wh kg⁻¹ at a power density of 450 W kg⁻¹. A capacity retention of 81.9% is maintained after 2000 cycles at a current density of 5 A g⁻¹.</p>