<p>The development of high-performance carbon electrodes is crucial for advancing supercapacitors (SCs) and zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZHSCs), which are promising energy storage technologies for renewable energy integration. Herein, a dual-modified coal tar pitch (CTP)-derived carbon material through phosphorus doping and amino functionalization was reported for enhanced electrochemical performance. Using NaH₂PO₂ as both an activating agent and phosphorus source, followed by ethylenediamine treatment, a hierarchically porous carbon architecture with optimized surface chemistry was synthesized. When evaluated as an electrode for symmetric SCs, the optimized material delivers a high specific capacitance of 73.4 F g⁻¹ at 0.3 A g⁻¹, outstanding rate capability (88.5% retention at 10 A g⁻¹), and exceptional cycling stability over 65,000 cycles. As a ZHSC cathode, it achieves a remarkable capacity of 195.6 mAh g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹ with good rate performance (128.8 mAh g⁻¹ at 10 A g⁻¹) and long-term durability. Through comprehensive structural and electrochemical characterization, the synergistic effects of phosphorus doping and amino functionalization on charge storage mechanisms were elucidated. This work provides a sustainable strategy for transforming industrial byproducts into high-value electrode materials, establishing new design principles for next-generation energy storage systems.</p>