Would the tandem sequential cycloaddition reactions of functionalized acetylene, cyclopentadienyl derivatives, and phenyl azide for the formation of norbornene 1,2,3-triazolines proceed via the [4 + 2]/[3 + 2] or [3 + 2]/[4 + 2] reaction sequences? a DFT mechanistic study
摘要
Tandem sequential cycloaddition reactions (TSCARs) offer powerful strategies for constructing complex molecular frameworks, yet predicting the preferred chronological order of competing cycloaddition steps remains challenging. In this work, the mechanisms of tandem [4 + 2]/[3 + 2] versus [3 + 2]/[4 + 2] cycloaddition sequences involving functionalized acetylenes, cyclopentadienyl derivatives, and phenyl azide were systematically investigated to elucidate their kinetic preferences, selectivities, and product distributions. The results reveal that the reactions are thermodynamically feasible but kinetically controlled, with the [4 + 2] step identified as the rate-determining step in both sequences. Overall, the [4 + 2]/[3 + 2] sequence is kinetically favored and predominantly furnishes exo-norbornene 1,2,3-triazoline cycloadducts, while the competing sequence exhibits distinct stereochemical outcomes. Solvent effect analysis with toluene shows no contrary outcome to the overall kinetically preferred sequence, established energetic trends and stereoselectivities of the products in the reference reaction except for an observed increase in the magnitudes of the energies. Substituent and heteroatom effects significantly influence activation barriers and selectivity, and the findings highlight notable deviations from the classical exo-rule.
MethodsAll calculations were performed using density functional theory with the M06 functional and the 6-311G(d,p) basis set. Geometry optimizations, frequency calculations, and intrinsic reaction coordinate analyses were carried out in the gas phase to characterize stationary points and reaction pathways. Global and local reactivity descriptors were evaluated within the framework of conceptual DFT to rationalize observed kinetic trends and selectivities.