Background <p>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of air polishing powders on the roughness, microhardness, color, and gloss of two types of gingiva-colored resin-based composites (GCRBCs).</p> Methods <p>Disc-shaped specimens were prepared from two GCRBCs (Gradia Plus Gum, GC: Group G; Crea.lign, Bredent: Group C). Specimens subjected to air polishing were divided into two subgroups (<i>n</i> = 16): erythritol (Group G-e, Group C-e) and sodium bicarbonate (Group G-s, Group C-s). The roughness (Ra), microhardness (VHN), color (Δ<i>E</i>*_ab and Δ <i>E00</i>), and gloss (GU) values of all samples were measured before and after the applications. The data were analyzed by dependent <i>t</i>-test and two-way ANOVA.</p> Results <p>Surface roughness showed statistically significant differences between initial and final measurements across all groups (G-s: <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001; C-s: <i>p</i> = 0.002; G-e: <i>p</i> = 0.003; C-e: <i>p</i> = 0.011), with final Ra values being consistently higher than initial ones. Group C-e did not show significant differences (<i>p</i> = 0.294) in terms of microhardness after treatment, while hardness decreased in all other groups. In the final measurements, significant differences in color values were observed based on the type of powder applied (<i>p</i> = 0.026 for ΔE_ab; <i>p</i> = 0.048 for ΔE₀₀), with sodium bicarbonate causing more pronounced changes compared to erythritol. Significant differences were observed in initial and final gloss values for all subgroups (<i>p</i> = 0.00).</p> Conclusion <p>It was observed that air polishing, particularly with sodium bicarbonate, can lead to significant roughness and discoloration in GCRBCs. Consequently, it is crucial to employ air-polishing devices correctly, limit their use on resin-based composite restorations, and opt for less abrasive polishing powders. These practices are essential to prevent increased surface roughness and surface microhardness and preserve color and gloss in GCRBCs.</p>