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<p>Iron–sulfur (Fe–S) clusters are common biological cofactors that facilitate vital redox reactions. Despite extensive research, the molecular basis of redox potential tuning in ferredoxin-like proteins remains an active area of debate. In this study, we combine statistical analysis of over one thousand [4Fe–4S]-containing protein structures from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) with broken-symmetry and extended broken-symmetry density functional theory to examine how cysteine ligand orientations and environmental screening affect redox properties of the clusters. We identified five main ligand configurations, three of which are predominant in natural structures. Among these, the adiabatic electron affinity differs by less than 0.1&#xa0;V, indicating that, while geometry plays a secondary role, it allows localized fine-tuning of redox properties. In contrast, electrostatic and solvation effects primarily determine the overall potential range.</p>

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Geometry, spin coupling, and dielectric control of redox potentials in [4Fe–4S] Clusters

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月16日

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  • Peter S. Rice,
  • Bruno Jacob,
  • Khushbu Agarwal,
  • Marcel D. Baer,
  • Simone Raugei

摘要

Iron–sulfur (Fe–S) clusters are common biological cofactors that facilitate vital redox reactions. Despite extensive research, the molecular basis of redox potential tuning in ferredoxin-like proteins remains an active area of debate. In this study, we combine statistical analysis of over one thousand [4Fe–4S]-containing protein structures from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) with broken-symmetry and extended broken-symmetry density functional theory to examine how cysteine ligand orientations and environmental screening affect redox properties of the clusters. We identified five main ligand configurations, three of which are predominant in natural structures. Among these, the adiabatic electron affinity differs by less than 0.1 V, indicating that, while geometry plays a secondary role, it allows localized fine-tuning of redox properties. In contrast, electrostatic and solvation effects primarily determine the overall potential range.