A green, white, and click analytical chemistry approach to eco-efficient quantification of clindamycin capsules via digital image-assisted thin-layer chromatography
摘要
Clindamycin (CLIN) is widely used for respiratory and skin infections, particularly in capsule dosage forms. Despite its widespread use, no image-assisted thin-layer chromatography (TLC) method integrating sustainability concepts from Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC), White Analytical Chemistry (WAC), and Click Analytical Chemistry (CAC) has been reported. The objective of this work was to develop and validate an eco-efficient, stability-indicating TLC method for CLIN capsules using digital image analysis, combining sustainability, practical efficiency, and modular analytical design. A silica gel plate, microsyringe, and a mobile phase of purified water–ethanol (3:7, V/V) were used, and spot detection was achieved by derivatization (visualization) with 1.2% potassium permanganate. The spots were photographed under ultraviolet light, and pixel intensity was analyzed with ImageJ software. The method was linear (300 to 800 µg/mL), precise (relative standard deviation [RSD] < 2%), selective, and indicative of stability (through forced degradation test), accurate (Fcalculated 1.24 < 5.14 Ftabulated), and robust. The proposed method was able to quantify CLIN in capsules, showing an average content of 101.47%. Sustainability metrics confirmed the integrated efficiency: Analytical Greenness Metric (AGREE) = 0.85 (very green), Blue Applicability Degree Index (BAGI) = 80 (high applicability grade), and Click Analytical Chemistry Index (CACI) = 82 (excellent clickability), showing the method’s environmental and operational efficiency. This TLC digital-image method demonstrates the synergy of green, white, and click chemistry, offering a low-cost, safe, and easily implementable approach for routine pharmaceutical quality control, using only ethanol and water with minimal environmental impact.