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<p>Adults and children alike may benefit from the gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)-ergic agonist baclofen when dealing with severe spasticity. The microwave-assisted fluorodensitometry with environmentally friendly solvents was developed to estimate baclofen in biological fluids and pharmaceutical dosage forms. Costly and environmentally hazardous organic solvents were used in conventional analytical methods, endangering aquatic habitats. The white analytical chemistry approach was applied to solve these problems for developing analytical procedures that were easy to use, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective. The 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan was used as a fluorescent probe for the microwave-assisted fluorodensitometric estimation of baclofen. This analytical procedure was developed using analytical quality by design to reduce solvent consumption and sample analysis time. Method variables were screened using the Plackett–Burman design; then, response surfaces were analyzed, and critical method parameters were optimized using the Box–Behnken design. The proposed method was applied for the estimation of baclofen in marketed formulations, forced-degraded samples, and spiked human plasma samples. Mass spectrometry was used to identify the 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan-derivatized fluorescent product of baclofen. To compare and assess the greenness and whiteness profiles of the existing analytical methods with the proposed method, we employed a red–green–blue model scoring using the principles of white analytical chemistry. The proposed baclofen estimation was found to be quick, easy to use, sensitive, economical, and environmentally friendly.</p>

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Microwave-assisted fluorodensitometric estimation of baclofen using quality by design and white analytical chemistry approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月1日

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  • Pintu Prajapati,
  • Krishna Patel,
  • Bhumika Prajapati,
  • Anzarul Haque,
  • Sarfaraz Ahmad,
  • Shailesh Shah

摘要

Adults and children alike may benefit from the gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)-ergic agonist baclofen when dealing with severe spasticity. The microwave-assisted fluorodensitometry with environmentally friendly solvents was developed to estimate baclofen in biological fluids and pharmaceutical dosage forms. Costly and environmentally hazardous organic solvents were used in conventional analytical methods, endangering aquatic habitats. The white analytical chemistry approach was applied to solve these problems for developing analytical procedures that were easy to use, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective. The 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan was used as a fluorescent probe for the microwave-assisted fluorodensitometric estimation of baclofen. This analytical procedure was developed using analytical quality by design to reduce solvent consumption and sample analysis time. Method variables were screened using the Plackett–Burman design; then, response surfaces were analyzed, and critical method parameters were optimized using the Box–Behnken design. The proposed method was applied for the estimation of baclofen in marketed formulations, forced-degraded samples, and spiked human plasma samples. Mass spectrometry was used to identify the 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan-derivatized fluorescent product of baclofen. To compare and assess the greenness and whiteness profiles of the existing analytical methods with the proposed method, we employed a red–green–blue model scoring using the principles of white analytical chemistry. The proposed baclofen estimation was found to be quick, easy to use, sensitive, economical, and environmentally friendly.