Background <p>Lung cancer is one of the most common types of cancer. Because early stages often remain asymptomatic and the prognosis is poor, preventive measures are highly relevant. In addition to established conventional medical strategies, complementary medical procedures are increasingly being discussed in the context of chemoprevention.</p> Methods <p>Taking into account current S3&#xa0;guidelines and clinical studies, evidence-based preventive measures in conventional medicine (including smoking cessation, exposure reduction, low-dose computed tomography screening) and complementary medicine approaches are evaluated in terms of their effectiveness.</p> Results <p>The strongest evidence is for tobacco avoidance, passive smoke protection, occupational health measures, and low-dose computed tomography screening in high-risk groups. Complementary medicine procedures such as use of selenium, vitamin&#xa0;E/β-carotene, or dietary supplements have no preventive benefit; in some cases, increased risks are described. Individual tertiary prevention approaches, such as <i>Coriolus versicolor</i> peptides or rhubarb extract, show potential effects, but their significance remains limited due to the small number of cases.</p> Conclusion <p>Prevention of lung cancer is primarily based on evidence-based conventional medical measures. Complementary medical procedures are currently not suitable for either primary or secondary prevention; in tertiary prevention, some approaches appear promising, but so far they can only be recommended in the context of clinical studies.</p>