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Background <p>Esophageal cancer has a&#xa0;poor prognosis among gastrointestinal malignancies. Although esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the most common type worldwide, an increase in the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) can be observed in Western countries. EAC is typically located at the gastroesophageal junction and can develop from Barrett’s esophagus (BE), a consequence of chronic reflux disease. In contrast, ESCC primarily occurs in the upper third of the esophagus and is influenced by smoking and alcohol consumption. The difference between EAC and ESCC goes beyond risk factors, but they are still grouped together as esophageal cancer.</p> Methods <p>A&#xa0;selective literature search was conducted in PubMed to determine the current state of scientific knowledge, focusing on differences between EAC and ESCC as well as the carcinogenicity of EAC. The search terms included esophageal cancer, risk factors for EAC and ESCC, BE, tumor microenvironment (TME), and the role of the immune system. We prioritized papers that differentiated between EAC and ESCC.</p> Results <p>Recent studies have shown that EAC originates from precursor cells of the stomach and that while EAC shares more characteristics with gastric cancer, ESCC more closely resembles head and neck tumors. The carcinogenesis of EAC is a&#xa0;complex process, marked by the interaction of various factors at the cellular, immunological, and TME levels. It is also known that certain cell types, such as tumor-associated macrophages, regulatory T&#xa0;cells, and T&#xa0;helper cells, play a&#xa0;key role in cancer development. However, further research is needed to fully understand the carcinogenesis of EAC.</p>

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Karzinogenese von ösophagealen Tumoren

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月6日

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  • Ann-Kathrin Glosch,
  • Michael Quante

摘要

Background

Esophageal cancer has a poor prognosis among gastrointestinal malignancies. Although esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the most common type worldwide, an increase in the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) can be observed in Western countries. EAC is typically located at the gastroesophageal junction and can develop from Barrett’s esophagus (BE), a consequence of chronic reflux disease. In contrast, ESCC primarily occurs in the upper third of the esophagus and is influenced by smoking and alcohol consumption. The difference between EAC and ESCC goes beyond risk factors, but they are still grouped together as esophageal cancer.

Methods

A selective literature search was conducted in PubMed to determine the current state of scientific knowledge, focusing on differences between EAC and ESCC as well as the carcinogenicity of EAC. The search terms included esophageal cancer, risk factors for EAC and ESCC, BE, tumor microenvironment (TME), and the role of the immune system. We prioritized papers that differentiated between EAC and ESCC.

Results

Recent studies have shown that EAC originates from precursor cells of the stomach and that while EAC shares more characteristics with gastric cancer, ESCC more closely resembles head and neck tumors. The carcinogenesis of EAC is a complex process, marked by the interaction of various factors at the cellular, immunological, and TME levels. It is also known that certain cell types, such as tumor-associated macrophages, regulatory T cells, and T helper cells, play a key role in cancer development. However, further research is needed to fully understand the carcinogenesis of EAC.