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<p>Droplet dynamics is central to a range of processes from inkjet printing and spray cooling to aerosol dispersion and crop spraying. While most studies assume spherical droplets, real-world droplets rarely conform to this ideal shape. They deform, oscillate, and strike surfaces in various non-spherical forms. In this study, we numerically investigate how pre-impact droplet shape, quantified through the aspect ratio (<i>AR</i> = radial/vertical), governs splash behavior upon impact with a thin liquid film. Using two-dimensional simulations, we systematically vary <i>AR</i> from 0.5 (highly prolate) to 1.0 (ideal spherical) to 2.0 (highly oblate) while keeping volume and film conditions constant. The results reveal that droplet shape influenced by aspect ratio significantly alters splash onset time, crown geometry, and secondary droplet generation. Prolate droplets tend to suppress splashing, while oblate droplets amplify it, demonstrating that shape alone can shift the impact regime. To unify the effects of inertia and geometry, we propose a scaling law for splash onset time as <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\tau _{{splash}} \sim \frac{1}{{{\text{AR}}^{{\frac{3}{4}}} .\sqrt {{\text{We}}} }}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>τ</mi> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">splash</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>∼</mo> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mtext>AR</mtext> </mrow> <mfrac> <mn>3</mn> <mn>4</mn> </mfrac> </msup> <mo>.</mo> <msqrt> <mtext>We</mtext> </msqrt> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. This relation shows strong agreement with the results and provides a predictive tool for modeling splash thresholds. Our findings emphasize the need to reconsider the spherical droplet assumption and recognize aspect ratio as a governing parameter in impact dynamics.</p>

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Effect of aspect ratio on splash morphology in a liquid film impact

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月10日

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  • Talha Khan,
  • Zheyan Jin,
  • Aneela Bibi,
  • Zhigang Yang

摘要

Droplet dynamics is central to a range of processes from inkjet printing and spray cooling to aerosol dispersion and crop spraying. While most studies assume spherical droplets, real-world droplets rarely conform to this ideal shape. They deform, oscillate, and strike surfaces in various non-spherical forms. In this study, we numerically investigate how pre-impact droplet shape, quantified through the aspect ratio (AR = radial/vertical), governs splash behavior upon impact with a thin liquid film. Using two-dimensional simulations, we systematically vary AR from 0.5 (highly prolate) to 1.0 (ideal spherical) to 2.0 (highly oblate) while keeping volume and film conditions constant. The results reveal that droplet shape influenced by aspect ratio significantly alters splash onset time, crown geometry, and secondary droplet generation. Prolate droplets tend to suppress splashing, while oblate droplets amplify it, demonstrating that shape alone can shift the impact regime. To unify the effects of inertia and geometry, we propose a scaling law for splash onset time as \(\tau _{{splash}} \sim \frac{1}{{{\text{AR}}^{{\frac{3}{4}}} .\sqrt {{\text{We}}} }}\) τ splash ∼ 1 AR 3 4 . We . This relation shows strong agreement with the results and provides a predictive tool for modeling splash thresholds. Our findings emphasize the need to reconsider the spherical droplet assumption and recognize aspect ratio as a governing parameter in impact dynamics.