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<p>Ultrasound stimulation has emerged as a promising noninvasive approach for vision restoration, yet conventional capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) face limitations such as high actuation voltages and insufficient pressure output. This study introduces an innovative CMUT design incorporating a soft porous graphene-reinforced polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) gap-filling material to address these challenges. Unlike conventional uniform or non-porous gap materials, the porous graphene-PDMS composite simultaneously enables lower operational voltages with improved sensitivity and mechanical stability.&#xa0;A comprehensive nonlinear electromechanical model, leveraging the physically gradient descent-based learning method, captures the complex coupling between the displacement-dependent dielectric properties and the nonlinear plate dynamics. This integrated approach uniquely predicts enhanced resonance responses and acoustic output, providing valuable insights for designing high-performance CMUTs in biomedical applications. The integration of graphene nanoplatelets improves the dynamic response and reduces actuation voltage, optimizing performance for retinal stimulation. Key results include a 32.7% increase in transversal displacement, a 24.3% reduction in actuation voltage, and a 46.2% enhancement in first harmonic resonance amplitude. The proposed CMUT generates 2.4 times higher acoustic pressure at 2&#xa0;MHz, with a 100-element array achieving 55 Pascals for photoreceptor stimulation and a 1600-element array producing 35 Pascals for ganglion and bipolar cells. These findings highlight the potential of porous graphene-reinforced PDMS to advance CMUT-based retinal prosthetics, offering improved efficiency, safety, and precision for noninvasive therapeutic applications.</p>

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Enhancement of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer performance via porous graphene-reinforced PDMS dielectric gap fillers for ultrasound retinal stimulation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月30日

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  • Mohammad Homaei,
  • Mohammad Fathalilou,
  • Ghader Rezazadeh

摘要

Ultrasound stimulation has emerged as a promising noninvasive approach for vision restoration, yet conventional capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) face limitations such as high actuation voltages and insufficient pressure output. This study introduces an innovative CMUT design incorporating a soft porous graphene-reinforced polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) gap-filling material to address these challenges. Unlike conventional uniform or non-porous gap materials, the porous graphene-PDMS composite simultaneously enables lower operational voltages with improved sensitivity and mechanical stability. A comprehensive nonlinear electromechanical model, leveraging the physically gradient descent-based learning method, captures the complex coupling between the displacement-dependent dielectric properties and the nonlinear plate dynamics. This integrated approach uniquely predicts enhanced resonance responses and acoustic output, providing valuable insights for designing high-performance CMUTs in biomedical applications. The integration of graphene nanoplatelets improves the dynamic response and reduces actuation voltage, optimizing performance for retinal stimulation. Key results include a 32.7% increase in transversal displacement, a 24.3% reduction in actuation voltage, and a 46.2% enhancement in first harmonic resonance amplitude. The proposed CMUT generates 2.4 times higher acoustic pressure at 2 MHz, with a 100-element array achieving 55 Pascals for photoreceptor stimulation and a 1600-element array producing 35 Pascals for ganglion and bipolar cells. These findings highlight the potential of porous graphene-reinforced PDMS to advance CMUT-based retinal prosthetics, offering improved efficiency, safety, and precision for noninvasive therapeutic applications.