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<p>This work presents a systematic comparison of the low-temperature discharge performance of cylindrical sodium-ion (SIB) and lithium-ion (LIB) batteries in the 18650 format. Two commercial SIB cells, designed for high-energy and high-power applications, were evaluated alongside three LIB chemistries: nickel–manganese–cobalt oxide (NMC), lithium iron phosphate (LFP), and lithium titanate (LTO). Constant current discharge tests were conducted at temperatures from 25 to − 40&#xa0;°C to assess capacity, energy, power, and thermal behavior. At room temperature, NMC-based LIBs exhibited the highest energy density, but their usability ends below − 20&#xa0;°C. LFP and LTO cells retained at least partial functionality at − 30&#xa0;°C but failed at lower temperatures. This behavior is also similar for SIB high-energy cells, whereas the high-power variant maintained stable discharge across all tested rates to − 30&#xa0;°C and retained usable capacity even at − 40&#xa0;°C. These results demonstrate that although SIBs possess lower energy density than LIBs at ambient conditions, their superior resilience in extreme cold (≤ − 20&#xa0;°C) makes them promising candidates for cold climate applications.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Low-temperature discharging performance comparison of sodium-ion and lithium-ion cylindrical batteries

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月12日

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  • Jan Kasper,
  • Jan Kočí,
  • Kateřina Nováková,
  • Tomáš Finsterle,
  • Anna Pražanová,
  • Pavel Hrzina,
  • Vaclav Knap

摘要

This work presents a systematic comparison of the low-temperature discharge performance of cylindrical sodium-ion (SIB) and lithium-ion (LIB) batteries in the 18650 format. Two commercial SIB cells, designed for high-energy and high-power applications, were evaluated alongside three LIB chemistries: nickel–manganese–cobalt oxide (NMC), lithium iron phosphate (LFP), and lithium titanate (LTO). Constant current discharge tests were conducted at temperatures from 25 to − 40 °C to assess capacity, energy, power, and thermal behavior. At room temperature, NMC-based LIBs exhibited the highest energy density, but their usability ends below − 20 °C. LFP and LTO cells retained at least partial functionality at − 30 °C but failed at lower temperatures. This behavior is also similar for SIB high-energy cells, whereas the high-power variant maintained stable discharge across all tested rates to − 30 °C and retained usable capacity even at − 40 °C. These results demonstrate that although SIBs possess lower energy density than LIBs at ambient conditions, their superior resilience in extreme cold (≤ − 20 °C) makes them promising candidates for cold climate applications.

Graphical abstract