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<p><?tk 4?>Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) remains one of the most significant viral pathogens causing infectious disease in domestic dogs worldwide, particularly causing severe hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in puppies. In recent years, canine circovirus (CanineCV) has emerged as an additional enteric virus of concern, although its role in co-infection with CPV-2 remains poorly characterized in Southeast Asia. This study determines the prevalence, co-infection rate, and molecular characteristics of CPV-2 and CanineCV co-infections in domestic dogs across three major regions of Vietnam. A total of 254 rectal swab samples were collected from 2023 to 2024 from dogs exhibiting clinical signs consistent with CPV-2 infection. All samples were tested for CPV-2 and CanineCV by real-time PCR, and CPV-2-positive samples were genotyped using a SimpleProbe<sup>®</sup> assay. CPV-2-only infection resulted in a prevalence of 77.17%, while CPV-2-CanineCV co-infection had a prevalence of 22.83%. Vaccinated canines have 11.36% co-infection, while those with unknown vaccination history has 28.79% and unvaccinated has 19.23%. Genotyping results demonstrated that CPV-2c was the dominant variant, accounting for 93.31% overall and 93.1% in co-infections at a 22.78% co-infection rate, whereas CPV-2a was infrequent, at 6.69% overall and 6.9% in co-infections at a 23.53% co-infection rate, and CPV-2b was not detected. The highest co-infection rate was recorded in the Central region of Vietnam at 50%, compared with 9.38% in the North and 4.55% in the South. Seasonal analysis showed a high co-infection rate during the fall with no significant difference. Age distribution revealed that younger puppies were most affected and vulnerable to co-infection, with 37.50% in &lt; 2 months, 24.24% in 2–3 months, 23.20% in 3–6 months, and 18.18% in 6–12 months. These findings suggest that CanineCV co-circulates extensively with CPV-2, particularly in younger dogs. The results also highlight the continued dominance of CPV-2c in Vietnam and underscore the importance of including CanineCV in diagnostic, vaccines, and epidemiological surveillance of canine enteric diseases.</p>

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Detection of canine circovirus (CanineCV) co-infection in canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) cases among domestic dogs in Vietnam, 2023–2024

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月30日

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  • Hoang Minh,
  • Brian Harvey Avanceña Villanueva,
  • Kuo-Pin Chuang

摘要

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) remains one of the most significant viral pathogens causing infectious disease in domestic dogs worldwide, particularly causing severe hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in puppies. In recent years, canine circovirus (CanineCV) has emerged as an additional enteric virus of concern, although its role in co-infection with CPV-2 remains poorly characterized in Southeast Asia. This study determines the prevalence, co-infection rate, and molecular characteristics of CPV-2 and CanineCV co-infections in domestic dogs across three major regions of Vietnam. A total of 254 rectal swab samples were collected from 2023 to 2024 from dogs exhibiting clinical signs consistent with CPV-2 infection. All samples were tested for CPV-2 and CanineCV by real-time PCR, and CPV-2-positive samples were genotyped using a SimpleProbe® assay. CPV-2-only infection resulted in a prevalence of 77.17%, while CPV-2-CanineCV co-infection had a prevalence of 22.83%. Vaccinated canines have 11.36% co-infection, while those with unknown vaccination history has 28.79% and unvaccinated has 19.23%. Genotyping results demonstrated that CPV-2c was the dominant variant, accounting for 93.31% overall and 93.1% in co-infections at a 22.78% co-infection rate, whereas CPV-2a was infrequent, at 6.69% overall and 6.9% in co-infections at a 23.53% co-infection rate, and CPV-2b was not detected. The highest co-infection rate was recorded in the Central region of Vietnam at 50%, compared with 9.38% in the North and 4.55% in the South. Seasonal analysis showed a high co-infection rate during the fall with no significant difference. Age distribution revealed that younger puppies were most affected and vulnerable to co-infection, with 37.50% in < 2 months, 24.24% in 2–3 months, 23.20% in 3–6 months, and 18.18% in 6–12 months. These findings suggest that CanineCV co-circulates extensively with CPV-2, particularly in younger dogs. The results also highlight the continued dominance of CPV-2c in Vietnam and underscore the importance of including CanineCV in diagnostic, vaccines, and epidemiological surveillance of canine enteric diseases.