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<p>Rocio virus (ROCV), a neurotropic arbovirus of the <i>Orthoflavivirus</i> genus, caused Brazil’s largest encephalitis outbreak in the 1970s but has since been rarely detected. We report the first ROCV encephalitis clinical case after nearly 40 years and isolated and sequenced the virus from CNS tissue of a horse. Metatranscriptomics enabled full-genome sequencing, revealing divergence from the reference sequence at an evolutionary rate of 5.8–7.0 × 10⁻⁴, consistent with <i>Orthoflavivirus</i>. Thirty-one non-synonymous substitutions were identified, with the envelope protein most affected. Findings indicate ROCV cryptic circulation and ongoing evolution. Horses may act as sentinels, underscoring the need for strengthened ROCV genomic surveillance.</p>

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Rocio virus sustained circulation in Brazil: first infection case in a horse highlights the need for enhanced arbovirus surveillance

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月28日

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  • Tiago Gräf,
  • Maria Constanza Rodriguez,
  • Yara de Oliveira Brandão,
  • Carla Adriane Royer,
  • Caroline do Nascimento Ferreira,
  • Camila Confortin,
  • Camila Zanluca,
  • Daisy Maria Strottmann,
  • Claudia Nunes Duarte dos Santos,
  • Mara Eliza Gasino Joineau

摘要

Rocio virus (ROCV), a neurotropic arbovirus of the Orthoflavivirus genus, caused Brazil’s largest encephalitis outbreak in the 1970s but has since been rarely detected. We report the first ROCV encephalitis clinical case after nearly 40 years and isolated and sequenced the virus from CNS tissue of a horse. Metatranscriptomics enabled full-genome sequencing, revealing divergence from the reference sequence at an evolutionary rate of 5.8–7.0 × 10⁻⁴, consistent with Orthoflavivirus. Thirty-one non-synonymous substitutions were identified, with the envelope protein most affected. Findings indicate ROCV cryptic circulation and ongoing evolution. Horses may act as sentinels, underscoring the need for strengthened ROCV genomic surveillance.