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<p>Heat stress is a critical challenge impacting the productivity, health, and welfare of animals, particularly under rising global temperatures. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the physiological, endocrine, and blood gas responses of heifers exposed to controlled environment to determine the temperature humidity index (THI) threshold for the onset of heat stress in Kerala. Six crossbred heifers of 12 to 18&#xa0;months of age were monitored under thermo-neutral zone and exposed to different temperature humidity combinations. Physiological (respiration rate, rectal temperature, skin temperature and core body temperature (tympanic), endocrine (cortisol), blood gases and electrolyte (pCO<sub>2</sub>, pO<sub>2</sub> and HCO<sub>3</sub>) were recorded at each temperature humidity combinations. Based on findings, it revealed strong correlation between skin and core body temperature and additionally a strong correlation between rectal temperature and core body temperature, which indicated tympanic temperature could serve as an effective, non-invasive indicator of thermal load in cattle. Results indicated significant changes in physiological and endocrine parameters were observed at specific THI thresholds, indicating varying levels of thermal stress. The study established a threshold of THI 82.92 for physiological parameters (respiration rate, rectal temperature and skin temperature) and serum cortisol, whereas core body temperature showed the higher THI (88.82) threshold in crossbred heifers in Kerala.</p>

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Assess the heat stress threshold: A physiological and endocrine insight into heifers under controlled chamber reflecting Kerala’s climate

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月15日

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  • Praveen Kumar I.,
  • Harikumar S.,
  • Balusami C.,
  • Sabin George,
  • Kannan A.,
  • Beena V.,
  • Arunasalam Singaravadivelan.,
  • Patil Bakkesh Sachin

摘要

Heat stress is a critical challenge impacting the productivity, health, and welfare of animals, particularly under rising global temperatures. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the physiological, endocrine, and blood gas responses of heifers exposed to controlled environment to determine the temperature humidity index (THI) threshold for the onset of heat stress in Kerala. Six crossbred heifers of 12 to 18 months of age were monitored under thermo-neutral zone and exposed to different temperature humidity combinations. Physiological (respiration rate, rectal temperature, skin temperature and core body temperature (tympanic), endocrine (cortisol), blood gases and electrolyte (pCO2, pO2 and HCO3) were recorded at each temperature humidity combinations. Based on findings, it revealed strong correlation between skin and core body temperature and additionally a strong correlation between rectal temperature and core body temperature, which indicated tympanic temperature could serve as an effective, non-invasive indicator of thermal load in cattle. Results indicated significant changes in physiological and endocrine parameters were observed at specific THI thresholds, indicating varying levels of thermal stress. The study established a threshold of THI 82.92 for physiological parameters (respiration rate, rectal temperature and skin temperature) and serum cortisol, whereas core body temperature showed the higher THI (88.82) threshold in crossbred heifers in Kerala.