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<p>In recent years, urbanization has led to an increasingly severe urban heat island effect, leading to rising temperatures, heat-related illnesses, and increased energy consumption. Universities are akin to small cities whose thermal environments affect student learning outcomes and energy consumption. In this study, unmanned aerial vehicles, field measurements, and computational fluid dynamics simulations (ENVI-met software) were used to analyze the thermal environment of the National Chung Hsing University campus, which is located in Taichung City, a subtropical island city in Taiwan. The results revealed a strong correlation between the daytime thermal images acquired by unmanned aerial vehicles at an altitude of 60&#xa0;m and the actual surface temperatures (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.94). They also revealed a strong correlation between the daytime and nighttime air and surface temperature simulations conducted in ENVI-met and the actual campus conditions (air temperature: average accuracy rate = 95%; surface temperature: <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.60–0.86). The simulations of the current thermal environment at the campus revealed that the campus was characterized by a high temperature and a low wind speed at 14:00 in the summer and was strongly affected by solar radiation, with a relatively high mean radiant temperature (47.25&#xa0;°C) and physiological equivalent temperature (40.82&#xa0;°C), reaching approximately 76.7&#xa0;°C and 51.6&#xa0;°C, respectively, in areas without even tree shade. Overall, these results highlight substantial room for improvement in the campus’s thermal environment.</p>

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Thermal environment analysis of university campuses utilizing unmanned aerial vehicles, field measurements, and computational fluid dynamics simulations

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月10日

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  • Jou-Man Huang,
  • Wan-Leng Ke,
  • Hui-Ping Tsai

摘要

In recent years, urbanization has led to an increasingly severe urban heat island effect, leading to rising temperatures, heat-related illnesses, and increased energy consumption. Universities are akin to small cities whose thermal environments affect student learning outcomes and energy consumption. In this study, unmanned aerial vehicles, field measurements, and computational fluid dynamics simulations (ENVI-met software) were used to analyze the thermal environment of the National Chung Hsing University campus, which is located in Taichung City, a subtropical island city in Taiwan. The results revealed a strong correlation between the daytime thermal images acquired by unmanned aerial vehicles at an altitude of 60 m and the actual surface temperatures (R2 = 0.94). They also revealed a strong correlation between the daytime and nighttime air and surface temperature simulations conducted in ENVI-met and the actual campus conditions (air temperature: average accuracy rate = 95%; surface temperature: R2 = 0.60–0.86). The simulations of the current thermal environment at the campus revealed that the campus was characterized by a high temperature and a low wind speed at 14:00 in the summer and was strongly affected by solar radiation, with a relatively high mean radiant temperature (47.25 °C) and physiological equivalent temperature (40.82 °C), reaching approximately 76.7 °C and 51.6 °C, respectively, in areas without even tree shade. Overall, these results highlight substantial room for improvement in the campus’s thermal environment.