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<p>Orography and surface winds modulate the organization and characteristics of precipitation over mountain areas. Four different surface directional wind (SDF) flow/patterns, namely, upslope-seaside, along-seaside, upslope-landside, and along-landside are considered as the trigger mechanism for convective organizations (COs) over Western Ghats (WGs). Four types of COs are defined here, namely, deep convective-cores (DCCs), wide convective-cores (WCCs), deep-wide convective-cores (DWCs) and broad stratiform-region (BSRs) using space-based precipitation radars. Statistical analysis revealed the strong dependency of precipitation characteristics of COs on SDFs, and the variabilities among different SDFs are higher for deeper COs compared to wider COs. Higher rain rate (RR) during the upslope-seaside and along-seaside SDFs is the result of efficient collision-coalescence processes at the western slope of WGs as wind starts rising along the slope. It precipitates locally to produce higher RR but with less mass weighted mean hydrometeors diameter (Dm), because of drier atmosphere at lower altitudes. Along-landside and upslope-landside SDFs have higher echo top heights (ETHs) and Dm over topographic regimes of WGs, with less RR and surface rainfall, whereas less ETH and Dm are observed over Arabian Sea. RR is higher at the western flank of WGs and starts decreasing as it approaches towards the eastern flank of WGs for all types of SDFs. The role of the orography is most important at higher pressure levels (1000−850&#xa0;hPa, e.g., lowest altitudes), where a sudden increase in relative humidity (RH) is observed parallel to the western slope of WGs, which could lead to rapid condensation and fall of precipitation. Upslope-landside and along-landside SDFs show a sudden dip in relative humidity (RH) (at 1000−850&#xa0;hPa) and reflect the less evaporation because of higher-sized hydrometeors. Present study reveals that in future we must have to consider the importance of surface wind while modeling the convective organization over WGs.</p>

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Effect of surface wind flow, relative humidity, vertical velocity and topography on convective organizations over Western Ghats using TRMM, GPM, Megha-Tropiques satellites and ERA reanalysis data

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月12日

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  • Shailendra Kumar

摘要

Orography and surface winds modulate the organization and characteristics of precipitation over mountain areas. Four different surface directional wind (SDF) flow/patterns, namely, upslope-seaside, along-seaside, upslope-landside, and along-landside are considered as the trigger mechanism for convective organizations (COs) over Western Ghats (WGs). Four types of COs are defined here, namely, deep convective-cores (DCCs), wide convective-cores (WCCs), deep-wide convective-cores (DWCs) and broad stratiform-region (BSRs) using space-based precipitation radars. Statistical analysis revealed the strong dependency of precipitation characteristics of COs on SDFs, and the variabilities among different SDFs are higher for deeper COs compared to wider COs. Higher rain rate (RR) during the upslope-seaside and along-seaside SDFs is the result of efficient collision-coalescence processes at the western slope of WGs as wind starts rising along the slope. It precipitates locally to produce higher RR but with less mass weighted mean hydrometeors diameter (Dm), because of drier atmosphere at lower altitudes. Along-landside and upslope-landside SDFs have higher echo top heights (ETHs) and Dm over topographic regimes of WGs, with less RR and surface rainfall, whereas less ETH and Dm are observed over Arabian Sea. RR is higher at the western flank of WGs and starts decreasing as it approaches towards the eastern flank of WGs for all types of SDFs. The role of the orography is most important at higher pressure levels (1000−850 hPa, e.g., lowest altitudes), where a sudden increase in relative humidity (RH) is observed parallel to the western slope of WGs, which could lead to rapid condensation and fall of precipitation. Upslope-landside and along-landside SDFs show a sudden dip in relative humidity (RH) (at 1000−850 hPa) and reflect the less evaporation because of higher-sized hydrometeors. Present study reveals that in future we must have to consider the importance of surface wind while modeling the convective organization over WGs.