<p>The 1909 cyclone in colonial Bengal was one of the most catastrophic natural disasters of the early twentieth century, causing widespread devastation in the coastal and central districts of Bengal Presidency (undivided Bengal including present day West Bengal, India and the independent nation state of modern Bangladesh). The cyclone had a major impact on the areas surrounding Khulna, 24-Pargana, Jessore, Backergunge and Nadia. It resulted in massive loss of lives, livestock and property and caused severe disruption to local economies and communication networks. The response of the colonial government reflected the administrative priorities and constraints of British rule. The disaster exposed the vulnerabilities of the early warning systems, the inadequate medical facilities and the gradual nature of the relief distribution. It also raised questions about the colonial state’s responsibilities in managing natural disasters and protecting the vulnerable populations. This paper analyses the socio-economic impacts of the cyclone and assesses the colonial government’s role in the post-disaster period.</p>