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<p>Atmospheric brown clouds (ABCs) are widespread pollution plumes comprised of both gaseous and particulate components. Aerosol components of ABCs play a significant role in air quality, human health, cloud formation processes, water cycle, radiation budget, and climate change. This study investigates decadal spatio-temporal variation of precipitation patterns and their radiative effect using a synergistic analysis of long-term multi-satellite, reanalysis models, and ground-based observations over the Indian subcontinent during the past two decades: D1 (2000–2009) and D2 (2010–2019). We observed an increase in precipitation rates over areas of low rainfall, while areas with high rainfall saw a decline in precipitation rates during D2 compared to D1. Southern India records suppressed rainfall in the monsoon and pre-monsoon periods, consistently associated with elevated aerosol optical depth (AOD). Statistical analysis shows that higher aerosol loading is associated with enhanced median and extreme precipitation in the northwestern and core monsoon regions, consistent with the elevated heat pump (EHP) mechanism. However, substantial ABC-induced surface dimming in southern and coastal regions is linked with reduced precipitation, underscoring spatially divergent aerosol impacts. The vertical and seasonal distributions of various aerosol loadings emerged as a key modulator of precipitation variability. Based on multi-source observations and spatiotemporal analysis, this study provides new decadal-scale evidence linking the aerosol component of ABCs to region-specific precipitation responses across the Indian subcontinent. The results highlight urgent regional water management and resilience-planning implications across densely populated, climate-sensitive areas.</p>

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Decadal precipitation variability and atmospheric brown cloud effects: a multi-platform assessment over the Indian subcontinent

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月9日

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  • Manish Jangid,
  • Avinash Dass

摘要

Atmospheric brown clouds (ABCs) are widespread pollution plumes comprised of both gaseous and particulate components. Aerosol components of ABCs play a significant role in air quality, human health, cloud formation processes, water cycle, radiation budget, and climate change. This study investigates decadal spatio-temporal variation of precipitation patterns and their radiative effect using a synergistic analysis of long-term multi-satellite, reanalysis models, and ground-based observations over the Indian subcontinent during the past two decades: D1 (2000–2009) and D2 (2010–2019). We observed an increase in precipitation rates over areas of low rainfall, while areas with high rainfall saw a decline in precipitation rates during D2 compared to D1. Southern India records suppressed rainfall in the monsoon and pre-monsoon periods, consistently associated with elevated aerosol optical depth (AOD). Statistical analysis shows that higher aerosol loading is associated with enhanced median and extreme precipitation in the northwestern and core monsoon regions, consistent with the elevated heat pump (EHP) mechanism. However, substantial ABC-induced surface dimming in southern and coastal regions is linked with reduced precipitation, underscoring spatially divergent aerosol impacts. The vertical and seasonal distributions of various aerosol loadings emerged as a key modulator of precipitation variability. Based on multi-source observations and spatiotemporal analysis, this study provides new decadal-scale evidence linking the aerosol component of ABCs to region-specific precipitation responses across the Indian subcontinent. The results highlight urgent regional water management and resilience-planning implications across densely populated, climate-sensitive areas.