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<p>Climate change (CC), the most serious environmental challenge facing the planet, affects vegetation dynamics altering weeds ecology. This study delved into the impact of CC on the vegetation of district Mohmand (Pakistan). Climate variables, for 22 years (2001–2022), were analyzed for time series trends via modified Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slope statistics. Analyzed climate parameters were regressed on MODIS’s Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data to infer the climate-vegetation interaction. Plant community data from seven sites, collected based on NDVI during the field study, were analyzed to determine the vegetation structure. The findings revealed climate variables vary considerably inferring CC in the district. Wet-bulb-temperature (S = 142) showed highly significant positive trend besides precipitation (S = 101) and relative humidity (S = 134), while solar radiation non-significantly negative trend (S= -47). Regression revealed temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity significantly impact NDVI positively while solar radiation negatively. Spatiotemporally, NDVI varied significantly with an overall increasing tendency owing to the change in the climate of the study area from arid to semiarid. Based on the importance value index (IVI) of dominant strata, the composition of vegetation was established following a mixed community approach. <i>Xanthium strumarium</i> L. (IVI-27.69), Parthenium hysterophorus L. (IVI-24.78), <i>Cynodon dactylon</i> (L.) Pers. (IVI-22.29) and <i>Oxalis corymbosa</i> DC. (IVI-16.40) in herbs, <i>Dodonaea viscosa</i> Jacq. (IVI-95.85), <i>Lantana camara</i> L. (IVI-52.12) and <i>Calotropis procera</i> (Aiton) W. T. Aiton (IVI-39.31) in shrubs while <i>Acacia nilotica</i> (L.) Willd. ex Delile (IVI-49.62) and <i>Eucalyptus camaldulensis</i> Dehnh. (IVI-46.73) in trees were found to be the dominant species forming communities in the study sites. <i>P. hysterophorus</i>, <i>L. camara</i>, and <i>E. camaldulensis</i> were invasive alien species (IAS) supported by CC. The study concludes CC occurrence in the area significantly interacting vegetation supporting IAS while threatening indigenous flora. The study recommends research on IAS distribution under the changing climate and mitigate threats posed by CC.</p>

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Implications of climate change on vegetation dynamics and weed invasion in sub-mountain valleys and plains of Mohmand, Pakistan

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月29日

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  • Ishaq Ali Shah,
  • Haroon Khan,
  • Shahab Ali,
  • Bakhtiar Gul

摘要

Climate change (CC), the most serious environmental challenge facing the planet, affects vegetation dynamics altering weeds ecology. This study delved into the impact of CC on the vegetation of district Mohmand (Pakistan). Climate variables, for 22 years (2001–2022), were analyzed for time series trends via modified Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slope statistics. Analyzed climate parameters were regressed on MODIS’s Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data to infer the climate-vegetation interaction. Plant community data from seven sites, collected based on NDVI during the field study, were analyzed to determine the vegetation structure. The findings revealed climate variables vary considerably inferring CC in the district. Wet-bulb-temperature (S = 142) showed highly significant positive trend besides precipitation (S = 101) and relative humidity (S = 134), while solar radiation non-significantly negative trend (S= -47). Regression revealed temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity significantly impact NDVI positively while solar radiation negatively. Spatiotemporally, NDVI varied significantly with an overall increasing tendency owing to the change in the climate of the study area from arid to semiarid. Based on the importance value index (IVI) of dominant strata, the composition of vegetation was established following a mixed community approach. Xanthium strumarium L. (IVI-27.69), Parthenium hysterophorus L. (IVI-24.78), Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (IVI-22.29) and Oxalis corymbosa DC. (IVI-16.40) in herbs, Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. (IVI-95.85), Lantana camara L. (IVI-52.12) and Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton (IVI-39.31) in shrubs while Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile (IVI-49.62) and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. (IVI-46.73) in trees were found to be the dominant species forming communities in the study sites. P. hysterophorus, L. camara, and E. camaldulensis were invasive alien species (IAS) supported by CC. The study concludes CC occurrence in the area significantly interacting vegetation supporting IAS while threatening indigenous flora. The study recommends research on IAS distribution under the changing climate and mitigate threats posed by CC.