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<p>On 27 December 2024, the Delhi National Capital Region (NCR), India, experienced a rare and intense winter precipitation event, recording the highest single-day rainfall in December in recent decades. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the event using an integrated suite of multisensor measurements, including ground-based disdrometer, Doppler Weather Radar (DWR) data, INSAT-3DR satellite products, lightning detection networks, back trajectory analysis from HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) model, and ERA5 reanalysis outputs. Drop size distributions from the disdrometer indicated a prevalence of larger raindrops during intense rainfall periods. DWR observations captured deep convective towers exceeding 10&#xa0;km in height, followed by a transition to stratiform rain. Satellite-derived cloud top brightness temperatures (CTBT &lt; 225&#xa0;K) and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR &lt; 180&#xa0;W m⁻²) confirmed the presence of deep convection, associated with widespread lightning activity. Enhanced moisture convergence, derived from vertically integrated moisture transport, was found to be a key contributing factor in sustaining deep convection and associated rainfall over the Delhi NCR. Upper-tropospheric water vapor wind vectors from INSAT-3DR highlighted a well-defined upper-level trough that extended southeastward from Central Asia into northwest India. Concurrent low-level convergence and upper-level divergence (≥ 10–20 × 10⁻⁵ s⁻¹) facilitated sustained upward motion and convective growth. The integrated use of multi-platform remote sensing and in situ measurements highlights its critical role in diagnosing high-impact winter convection, supporting the development of scale-aware early warning systems. This study provides the first integrated analysis combining microphysical and dynamical diagnostics to elucidate the multiscale drivers of a winter convective event over Delhi NCR.</p>

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Unprecedented winter precipitation over Delhi NCR, India (December 2024): a multi-Sensor perspective

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月24日

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  • Gargi Rakshit,
  • Kaustav Chakravarty,
  • Ashim Kumar Mitra,
  • Ram Kumar Giri

摘要

On 27 December 2024, the Delhi National Capital Region (NCR), India, experienced a rare and intense winter precipitation event, recording the highest single-day rainfall in December in recent decades. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the event using an integrated suite of multisensor measurements, including ground-based disdrometer, Doppler Weather Radar (DWR) data, INSAT-3DR satellite products, lightning detection networks, back trajectory analysis from HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) model, and ERA5 reanalysis outputs. Drop size distributions from the disdrometer indicated a prevalence of larger raindrops during intense rainfall periods. DWR observations captured deep convective towers exceeding 10 km in height, followed by a transition to stratiform rain. Satellite-derived cloud top brightness temperatures (CTBT < 225 K) and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR < 180 W m⁻²) confirmed the presence of deep convection, associated with widespread lightning activity. Enhanced moisture convergence, derived from vertically integrated moisture transport, was found to be a key contributing factor in sustaining deep convection and associated rainfall over the Delhi NCR. Upper-tropospheric water vapor wind vectors from INSAT-3DR highlighted a well-defined upper-level trough that extended southeastward from Central Asia into northwest India. Concurrent low-level convergence and upper-level divergence (≥ 10–20 × 10⁻⁵ s⁻¹) facilitated sustained upward motion and convective growth. The integrated use of multi-platform remote sensing and in situ measurements highlights its critical role in diagnosing high-impact winter convection, supporting the development of scale-aware early warning systems. This study provides the first integrated analysis combining microphysical and dynamical diagnostics to elucidate the multiscale drivers of a winter convective event over Delhi NCR.