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<p>Heatwaves are extreme weather events and important indicators of global warming. In this study, we analyzed the spatial and temporal variability of the maximum temperature, extreme temperature, and frequency and intensity of heatwaves (HWs) over Rajasthan, India, using daily maximum temperature data from ten stations of the India Meteorological Department for the period 1969–2022. The results revealed a rapid increase in the frequency and intensity of HWs over the past three decades, particularly in western and southeastern Rajasthan. The summer of 2022 recorded the highest frequency of HWs and severe heatwave (SHW) days in the last 54 years, with western districts such as Barmer, Bikaner, Jaisalmer, and Sri Ganganagar being the most severely affected. Markedly above-normal maximum temperatures and intense and prolonged HW spells, accompanied by a 66% rainfall deficit, characterized summer 2022 across much of Rajasthan. The results suggest a strong association between warmer (colder) temperature anomalies and anticyclonic (cyclonic) wind anomalies at the middle and upper tropospheric levels over West of Rajasthan. The strong southwesterly winds at lower tropospheric levels over West Rajasthan lead to warm air advection over the region. A positive geopotential height anomaly of 60–90&#xa0;m at the middle level and 80–120&#xa0;m at the upper level prevailing over northwest India and adjoining regions weakened the subtropical westerly jet, thereby reducing the frequency of active western disturbances and contributing to warmer and drier conditions. Furthermore, this study highlights the meteorological conditions responsible for extreme heatwave spells in 2022, with implications for strengthening heatwave early warning systems.</p>

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Variability of heatwave and meteorological features associated with exceptionally hot summer 2022 over Rajasthan, India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月27日

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  • Subhkaran Mahla,
  • Radheshyam Sharma,
  • Himanshu Sharma,
  • Jai Prakash,
  • Gajendra Kumar

摘要

Heatwaves are extreme weather events and important indicators of global warming. In this study, we analyzed the spatial and temporal variability of the maximum temperature, extreme temperature, and frequency and intensity of heatwaves (HWs) over Rajasthan, India, using daily maximum temperature data from ten stations of the India Meteorological Department for the period 1969–2022. The results revealed a rapid increase in the frequency and intensity of HWs over the past three decades, particularly in western and southeastern Rajasthan. The summer of 2022 recorded the highest frequency of HWs and severe heatwave (SHW) days in the last 54 years, with western districts such as Barmer, Bikaner, Jaisalmer, and Sri Ganganagar being the most severely affected. Markedly above-normal maximum temperatures and intense and prolonged HW spells, accompanied by a 66% rainfall deficit, characterized summer 2022 across much of Rajasthan. The results suggest a strong association between warmer (colder) temperature anomalies and anticyclonic (cyclonic) wind anomalies at the middle and upper tropospheric levels over West of Rajasthan. The strong southwesterly winds at lower tropospheric levels over West Rajasthan lead to warm air advection over the region. A positive geopotential height anomaly of 60–90 m at the middle level and 80–120 m at the upper level prevailing over northwest India and adjoining regions weakened the subtropical westerly jet, thereby reducing the frequency of active western disturbances and contributing to warmer and drier conditions. Furthermore, this study highlights the meteorological conditions responsible for extreme heatwave spells in 2022, with implications for strengthening heatwave early warning systems.