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<p>Water is a fundamental resource for sustaining life, and its scarcity can trigger severe ecological and socio-economic impacts. This study maps and quantifies the spatio-temporal dynamics of surface water bodies in the selected districts of North Bihar of India from 1995 to 2024 using remote sensing-based indices like Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), Normalized Difference Pond Index (NDPI), Water Ratio Index (WRI) and Automated Water Extraction Index (AWEI) and examines their relationship with land surface temperature (LST), rainfall, and Normalized Difference Aquatic Vegetation Index (NDAVI). Among these different indices, MNDWI performed best, delineating the largest water areas with an accuracy of 86.74%. Over the entire study period (1995–2024), substantial long-term reductions in waterbody extent were observed in Darbhanga (− 41.3%) followed by Madhepura (− 30.3%), Katihar (− 17.0%), Saharsa (− 14.2%) and Supaul (− 2.2%), highlighting a progressive decline in surface water availability in these districts. LST exhibited a consistent positive trend across all districts, with the highest increases observed in Madhubani and Darbhanga with Sens’s slope (SSi) of 0.18&#xa0;°C/year followed by Supaul (0.17&#xa0;°C/year) and Saharsa (0.15&#xa0;°C/year). Rainfall trends showed significant declines in Purnia (SSi = − 24.76&#xa0;mm/year) and Saharsa (SSi = − 17.72&#xa0;mm/year) at the 5% significance level. Conversely, NDAVI exhibited increasing trends in aquatic vegetation density, particularly in Darbhanga (SSi = 0.010/year), Purnia (0.008/year), Kishanganj (0.007/year), Madhubani (0.007/year) and Araria (0.007/year) at the 5% significance level. Positive and significant correlations between MNDWI and annual rainfall were observed in Darbhanga (<i>r</i> = 0.44), Madhepura (<i>r</i> = 0.58), and Madhubani (<i>r</i> = 0.66), indicating that higher rainfall is associated with larger waterbody areas in these districts at the 5% significance level. These findings highlight a clear ecological imbalance, shrinking waterbodies under hydro-climatic stress are occurring alongside rising LST and denser aquatic vegetation in shallow systems. The results emphasize the growing vulnerability of aquatic agro-ecosystems and underscore the urgent need for integrated water resource management strategies in the floodplain landscapes of North Bihar.</p>

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Waterbody decline and warming trends in aquatic ecosystems of selected districts of North Bihar in India (1995–2024): A remote sensing perspective

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月9日

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  • Suryakant Bajirao Tarate,
  • Indu Shekhar Singh,
  • Shailendra Mohan Raut,
  • Dnyaneshwar Arjun Madane

摘要

Water is a fundamental resource for sustaining life, and its scarcity can trigger severe ecological and socio-economic impacts. This study maps and quantifies the spatio-temporal dynamics of surface water bodies in the selected districts of North Bihar of India from 1995 to 2024 using remote sensing-based indices like Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), Normalized Difference Pond Index (NDPI), Water Ratio Index (WRI) and Automated Water Extraction Index (AWEI) and examines their relationship with land surface temperature (LST), rainfall, and Normalized Difference Aquatic Vegetation Index (NDAVI). Among these different indices, MNDWI performed best, delineating the largest water areas with an accuracy of 86.74%. Over the entire study period (1995–2024), substantial long-term reductions in waterbody extent were observed in Darbhanga (− 41.3%) followed by Madhepura (− 30.3%), Katihar (− 17.0%), Saharsa (− 14.2%) and Supaul (− 2.2%), highlighting a progressive decline in surface water availability in these districts. LST exhibited a consistent positive trend across all districts, with the highest increases observed in Madhubani and Darbhanga with Sens’s slope (SSi) of 0.18 °C/year followed by Supaul (0.17 °C/year) and Saharsa (0.15 °C/year). Rainfall trends showed significant declines in Purnia (SSi = − 24.76 mm/year) and Saharsa (SSi = − 17.72 mm/year) at the 5% significance level. Conversely, NDAVI exhibited increasing trends in aquatic vegetation density, particularly in Darbhanga (SSi = 0.010/year), Purnia (0.008/year), Kishanganj (0.007/year), Madhubani (0.007/year) and Araria (0.007/year) at the 5% significance level. Positive and significant correlations between MNDWI and annual rainfall were observed in Darbhanga (r = 0.44), Madhepura (r = 0.58), and Madhubani (r = 0.66), indicating that higher rainfall is associated with larger waterbody areas in these districts at the 5% significance level. These findings highlight a clear ecological imbalance, shrinking waterbodies under hydro-climatic stress are occurring alongside rising LST and denser aquatic vegetation in shallow systems. The results emphasize the growing vulnerability of aquatic agro-ecosystems and underscore the urgent need for integrated water resource management strategies in the floodplain landscapes of North Bihar.