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<p>Addressing climate change requires understanding the drivers of carbon emissions and the role of technological progress in mitigation. This study investigates the effects of green energy transition, GDP, research, and development (R&amp;D), and high-technology exports on CO₂ emissions in 21 high-energy-consuming economies from 1990 to 2022. Using Method of Moment Quantile Regression (MMQR) and robustness checks via FMOLS, DOLS, and AMG, we find that GDP consistently increases emissions, while green energy (hydro, wind, nuclear) and high-technology exports significantly reduce them. Surprisingly, R&amp;D expenditure is positively associated with emissions, suggesting that current innovation trajectories may not be sufficiently geared toward low-carbon technologies. Results vary across emission quantiles, highlighting heterogeneity in impacts. The findings underscore the need to accelerate renewable energy adoption, promote high-tech industrial development, and redirect R&amp;D toward clean energy solutions. Policy recommendations emphasize targeted investment, technology transfer, and innovation-driven strategies to meet climate goals in line with COP28 and the Sustainable Development Goals.</p>

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Reassessing technological progress in the era of climate change: the role of green energy, R&D, and high-tech in emission mitigation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月1日

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  • Yasir Khan,
  • Humaira Yousafzai,
  • Constant Dingamadji Bounade,
  • Li Xiangdong

摘要

Addressing climate change requires understanding the drivers of carbon emissions and the role of technological progress in mitigation. This study investigates the effects of green energy transition, GDP, research, and development (R&D), and high-technology exports on CO₂ emissions in 21 high-energy-consuming economies from 1990 to 2022. Using Method of Moment Quantile Regression (MMQR) and robustness checks via FMOLS, DOLS, and AMG, we find that GDP consistently increases emissions, while green energy (hydro, wind, nuclear) and high-technology exports significantly reduce them. Surprisingly, R&D expenditure is positively associated with emissions, suggesting that current innovation trajectories may not be sufficiently geared toward low-carbon technologies. Results vary across emission quantiles, highlighting heterogeneity in impacts. The findings underscore the need to accelerate renewable energy adoption, promote high-tech industrial development, and redirect R&D toward clean energy solutions. Policy recommendations emphasize targeted investment, technology transfer, and innovation-driven strategies to meet climate goals in line with COP28 and the Sustainable Development Goals.